Relationship Between Acyl and Desacyl Ghrelin Levels with Insulin Resistance and Body Fat Mass in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Figures & data

Table 1 Comparisons of Baseline Characteristics and Hormonal Profile Among Three Groups of T2DM Subjects

Parameters	VFA Normal	VFA Obesity
		BMI <25kg/m^2	BMI ≥25kg/m^2
N	78	20	64
Sex (male/female)	53/25	13/7	43/21
Age (years)	54.8 ± 6.6	55.5 ± 6.0	53.4 ± 7.5
BMI (kg/m^2)	23.1 ± 2.3	23.4 ± 1.0	27.5 ± 1.8**
TC (mmol/L)	4.9 ± 0.9	5.1 ± 1.0	5.2 ± 0.9*
TG (mmol/L)	2.3 ± 1.7	2.2 ± 1.2	2.5 ± 1.4
HDL (mmol/L)	1.1 ± 0.3	1.1 ± 0.2	0.9 ± 0.2*
LDL (mmol/L)	3.2 ± 0.8	3.1 ± 0.9	3.4 ± 0.7
Fasting glucose (mmol/L)	7.3 ± 1.7	7.8 ± 2.0	7.8 ± 2.0
Fasting insulin (mU/L)	3.9 ± 1.2	7.7 ± 1.4^##	9.1 ± 2.7**
HOMA-IR	1.3 ± 0.4	2.8 ± 0.8^##	3.2 ± 1.1**
AG (pg/mL)	59.0 ± 12.8	60.5 ± 14.2	63.8 ± 17.4
DAG (pg/mL)	524.4 ± 141.5	421.7 ± 106.0^##	388.7 ± 96.5**
AG/DAG	0.12 ± 0.04	0.15 ± 0.04^#	0.17 ± 0.05**

Notes: Values are expressed as mean ± SD.*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 visceral normal vs visceral obesity with BMI ≥25; ^#P < 0.05, ^##P < 0.01 visceral normal vs visceral obesity with BMI <25.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; TC, tolal cholesterol; TG, triglycerid; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; AG, acylated ghrelin; DAG, deacylated ghrelin; VFA, visceral fat area; SFA, subcutaneous fat area; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance.

Figure 1 Compared with VFA normal group, plasma levels of deacylated ghrelin (DAG) were significantly lower in two VFA obesity groups (**P<0.01).

Figure 2 Compared with VFA normal group, the two VFA obesity groups showed no significant difference in the plasma levels of acylated ghrelin (AG) (ns.P>0.05).

Table 2 Correlations Between AG, DAG and AG/DAG Ratio and Other Variables in All Subjects

	AG		DAG		AG/DAG Ratio
	r	P-value	r	P-value	r	P-value
Sex (male/female)	−0.084	0.288	−0.069	0.383	0.173	0.028
Age (years)	0.002	0.978	−0.017	0.826	0.013	0.873
BMI (kg/m^2)	0.085	0.282	−0.444	<0.001	0.399	<0.001
TC (mmol/L)	−0.087	0.272	−0.055	0.491	−0.070	0.375
TG (mmol/L)	0.109	0.166	−0.062	0.433	−0.098	0.214
HDL (mmol/L)	−0.058	0.463	0.107	0.176	0.004	0.263
LDL (mmol/L)	−0.079	0.317	0.028	0.724	−0.089	0.263
Fasting glucose (mmol/L)	0.388	<0.001	−0.109	0.169	0.392	<0.001
Fasting insulin (mU/L)	0.105	0.182	−0.509	<0.001	0.459	<0.001
HOMA-IR	0.214	0.006	−0.483	<0.001	0.527	<0.001
VFA (cm^2)	0.005	0.953	−0.547	<0.001	0.359	<0.001
SFA (cm2)	0.101	0.886	−0.403	<0.001	0.319	<0.001

Notes: Pearson correlation when both variables have normal distribution and Spearman correlation otherwise.

Table 3 Multiple Stepwise Regression Analysis of AG Concentration and Other Variables in All Subjects

Variable	β	SE	β’	t	P
Constant	36.911	4.661		7.919	<0.001
FPG	3.201	0.600	0.390	5.338	<0.001

Table 4 Multiple Stepwise Regression Analysis of DAG Concentration and Other Variables in All Subjects

Variable	β	SE	β’	t	P
Constant	668.8	27.016		24.755	0
VFA	−1.644	0.342	−0.422	−4.806	<0.001
HOMA-IR	−20.786	9.3	−0.196	−2.235	0.027