Relationship Between Serum Vitamin D and Perirenal Fat Thickness in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome in Community

Figures & data

Figure 1 Flow chart of participants in MS survey.

Notes: *Exclusion criteria: (1) taking vitamin D and calcium tablets in the past three months, (2) severe liver and kidney dysfunctions, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, hypothyroidism, and hyperthyroidism, (3) pregnancy, and (4) a history of severe diseases, such as malignant tumors.

Figure 2 Echocardiographic perirenal fat thickness. The perirenal fat located between the surface of the kidney and the yellow curve. The perirenal fat thickness is marked by the red line.

Table 1 General Characteristics of All Participants

Group	Age (year)	BMI (Kg/m^2)	W (cm)	H (cm)	SBP (mmHg)	DBP (mmHg)	FPG (mmol/L)
All (n=332)	48.8±8.3	25.1±5.7	89.9±8.6	100.7±10.1	138±18	88±7	5.5±1.6
A (n=49)	48.2±7.4	25.4±4.3	98.9±9.1	102.1±9.3	141±16	89±6	5.9±1.3
B (n=283)	49.5±8.8	24.9±6.7	92.3±7.2	100.4±11.8	136±19	87±9	5.3±1.5
t	0.66	0.52	4.78	0.71	0.23	0.12	0.36
P	>0.05	>0.05	<0.05	>0.05	>0.05	>0.05	>0.05
	HbA1c (%)	TC (mmol/L)	TG (mmol/L)	LDL-C (mmol/L)	HDL-C (mmol/L)	UA (umol/L)	Scr (umol/L)
All (n=332)	5.6±1.3	5.5±1.3	1.8±0.4	3.4±0.5	1.0±0.2	367±86	85.3±9.1
A (n=49)	5.7±0.9	5.9±1.2	1.9±0.3	3.9±0.4	0.9±0.2	395±76	84.7±8.7
B (n=283)	5.4±1.6	5.3±1.4	1.7±0.5	3.2±0.7	1.0±0.3	363±89	85.9±9.3
t	0.77	1.34	0.65	1.88	−0.91	8.72	0.61
P	>0.05	<0.05	>0.05	<0.05	>0.05	<0.05	>0.05
	HOMA-IR	25(OH)D (ng/mL)	PrFT (cm)	Anti-Hperglycemia Medication n(%)	Anti-Hypertension Medication n(%)	Lipid-Lowering Medication n(%)
All (n=332)	1.8(1.4,4.3)	13.5(9.7,27.9)	1.5±0.4	121(36.4)	129(38.8)	95(28.6)
A (n=49)	2.4(1.6,5.3)	33.2(30.5,38.7)	1.9±0.4	19(38.8)	18(36.7)	15(30.6)
B (n=283)	1.5(1.1,3.9)	11.2(9.1,28.5)	1.4±0.6	102(36.0)	111(39.2)	80(28.3)
t/z/χ^2	2.45^a	−7.13^a	4.22	1.63^b	1.55^b	1.38^b
P	<0.05	<0.05	<0.05	>0.05	>0.05	>0.05

Note: ^az value; ^bχ² value.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; F, female; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HOMA-IR, insulin resistance index; Hb _A1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL -C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; M, male; MS, metabolic syndrome; PrFT, perirenal fat thickness; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; UA, uric acid; Scr, serum creatinine; W, waist circumference; 25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D.

Table 2 Correlation Analysis of 25(OH)D and Other Variables

Variable	r	P	Variable	r	P
Age	0.03	0.21	TG (mmol/L)	0.08	0.12
Gender(male)	0.05	0.32	HbA1c	0.03	0.19
BMI (Kg/m 2)	−0.23	<0.001	UA(mmol/L)	−0.14	0.01
W (cm)	−0.37	<0.001	SBP(mmHg)	0.07	0.11
FPG (mmol/L)	0.04	0.27	DBP(mmHg)	0.06	0.49
TC (mmol/L)	−0.22	0.01	HOMA-IR	−0.31	<0.001
LDL-C (mmol/L)	−0.19	0.02	PrFT(cm)	−0.29	<0.001
HDL-C (mmol/L)	0.12	0.04

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; DBP, systolic blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Hb_A1c, glycated hemoglobin; HOMA-IR, insulin resistance index; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; PrFT, perirenal fat thickness; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; UA, uric acid; W, waist circumference.

Table 3 Multiple Stepwise Regression Between 25(OH)D and Related Variables

Variable	Partial Regression Coefficient (β)	Standardized Partial Regression Coefficient (β)	Standard Error	t	P
constant	1.463	3.629	0.039	16.465	0.000
PrFT	−0.013	−0.135	0.001	−4.367	0.004
HOMA-IR	−0.236	−0.294	0.024	−5.196	0.001

Abbreviations: HOMA-IR, Insulin resistance index; MS, Metabolic syndrome; PrFT, Perirenal fat thickness.