Prevalence and Risk Factors of Osteoporosis in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Nanchang (China): A Retrospective Cohort Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Comparison of Clinical Data Among All Patients

	Normal Bone Mass	Osteopenia	Osteoporosis	F or χ^2	P
Age	51.89±10.61	58.53±8.80	62.09±7.54	145.291	0.000
Gender (Male %)	237/332(71.4)	496/758(65.4)	231/607(38.1)	138.736	0.000
BMI (kg/m^2)	26.50±3.28	24.52±3.25	25.38±3.36	42.740	0.000
WHR	0.94±0.06	0.93±0.07	0.94±0.07	3.685	0.025
Duration of disease (months)	81.52±69.78	104.1±76.85	100.88±78.02	10.709	0.000
Educational background (Below senior high school %)	171/332(51.5)	494/758(65.2)	353/607(58.2)	19.286	0.000

Table 2 Comparison of Clinical Data Among Female Patients

	Normal Bone Mass	Osteopenia	Osteoporosis	F or χ^2	P
Age	50.69±9.139	60.04±7.405	64.01±6.351	156.802	0.000
BMI (kg/m^2)	26.436±3.336	24.58±3.36	25.39±3.316	11.583	0.000
WHR	0.94±0.05	0.92±0.063	0.94±0.07	5.681	0.004
Duration of disease (months)	88.87±73.46	101.91±76.27	100.06±76.91	1.060	0.347
Educational background (Below senior high school %)	47/95(49.5)	160/262(61.1)	229/376(60.9)	4.538	0.103

Table 3 Comparison of Clinical Data Among Male Patients

	Normal Bone Mass	Osteopenia	Osteoporosis	F or χ^2	P
Age	52.37±11.126	57.73±9.357	58.98±8.265	54.293	0.000
BMI (kg/m^2)	26.52±3.259	24.478±3.191	25.35±3.43	31.734	0.000
WHR	0.938±0.06	0.934±0.067	0.936±0.059	0.358	0.699
Duration of disease (months)	78.57±68.185	105.36±77.199	102.23±79.947	21.434	0.000
Educational background (Below senior high school %)	124/237(52.3)	334/496(67.3)	124/231(53.7)	20.809	0.000

Table 4 Comparison of Glucose and Lipid Metabolism Among All Patients

	Normal Bone Mass	Osteopenia	Osteoporosis	F	P
HbA1c (%)	8.67±2.21	8.98±2.54	8.99±2.39	2.18	0.113
TC (mmol/L)	4.65±1.11	4.75±1.21	4.71±1.20	0.758	0.469
TG (mmol/L)	2.18±1.90	2.03±2.50	1.87±1.77	2.323	0.098
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.10±0.30	1.19±0.34	1.15±0.28	12.483	0.000
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.98±0.86	3.06±0.98	3.08±0.99	1.270	0.281

Table 5 Comparison of Glucose and Lipid Metabolism Among Male Patients

	Normal Bone Mass	Osteopenia	Osteoporosis	F	P
HbA1c(%)	8.63±2.32	8.93±2.53	8.72±2.32	143	0.240
TC (mmol/L)	4.60±1.09	4.76±1.21	4.69±1.26	1.304	0.272
TG (mmol/L)	2.18±2.03	2.04±2.30	2.00±1.93	0.487	0.615
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.07±0.26	1.19±0.33	1.16±0.30	12.061	0.000
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.94±0.84	3.07±0.99	3.00±0.99	0.864	0.422

Table 6 Comparison of Glucose and Lipid Metabolism Among Female Patients

	Normal Bone Mass	Osteopenia	Osteoporosis	F or χ^2	P
HbA1c(%)	8.77±1.94	9.06±2.56	9.16±2.43	1.322	0.516
TC (mmol/L)	4.77±1.16	4.73±1.20	4.72±1.16	0.076	0.927
TG (mmol/L)	2.19±1.57	2.02±2.83	1.80±1.66	1.646	0.194
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.15±0.37	1.20±0.35	1.14±0.26	2.051	0.129
LDL-C (mmol/L)	3.08±0.90	3.04±0.98	3.13±0.99	0.715	0.490

Table 7 Comparison of Diabetic Complications Among All Patients

	Normal Bone Mass	Osteopenia	Osteoporosis	χ^2	P
Diabetic retinopathy	145/332(43.7%)	420/758(55.4%)	361/607(59.5%)	21.998	0.000
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy	135/332(40.7%)	358/758(47.2%)	317/607(52.2%)	11.637	0.003

Table 8 Comparison of Diabetic Complications Among Male Patients

	Normal Bone Mass	Osteopenia	Osteoporosis	χ^2	P
Diabetic retinopathy	105/237(44.3%)	285/496(57.5%)	147/231(63.6%)	18.994	0.000
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy	102/237(43.0%)	265/496(53.4%)	146/231(63.2%)	19.125	0.000

Table 9 Comparison of Diabetic Complications Among Female Patients

	Normal Bone Mass	Osteopenia	Osteoporosis	χ^2	P
Diabetic retinopathy	40/95(42.1%)	135/262(51.5%)	214/376(56.9%)	7.068	0.029
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy	33/95(34.7%)	93/262(35.5%)	171/376(45.5%)	7.898	0.019

Table 10 Influencing Factors of Abnormal Bone Mass in All Patients with T2DM

	β	Wald	OR	CI	P
Osteopenia
Age	0.626	69.750	1.871	1.615~2.167	0.000
Education	−0.538	13.964	0.584	0.440~0.774	0.000
BMI	−0.516	51.253	0.597	0.518~0.688	0.000
Duration of T2DM	0.204	10.180	1.227	1.082~1.391	0.001
HDL-C	0.221	11.005	1.247	1.095~1.421	0.001
Diabetic retinopathy	0.479	10.629	1.614	1.210~2.152	0.001
Osteoporosis
Gender	1.234	57.382	3.437	2.497~4.730	0.000
Age	0.946	141.310	2.576	2.204~3.011	0.000
BMI	−0.324	17.501	0.723	0.621~0.842	0.000
Duration of T2DM	0.179	6.730	1.197	1.045~1.370	0.009
HDL-C	0.150	4.360	1.162	1.009~1.337	0.037
Diabetic retinopathy	0.707	19.824	2.028	1.486~2.768	0.000
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy	0.353	4.845	1.423	1.039~1.948	0.028

Table 11 Influencing Factors of Abnormal Bone Mass in Male Patients with T2DM

	β	Wald	OR	CI	P
Osteopenia
Education (below high school)	0.579	11.126	1.785	1.270~2.509	0.001
Diabetic retinopathy	0.479	7.561	1.615	1.148~2.273	0.006
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy	0.195	1.238	1.215	0.862~1.713	0.266
Age	0.053	37.197	1.054	1.037~1.073	0.000
BMI	−0.170	40.751	0.844	0.801~0.889	0.000
HDL-C	1.064	10.987	2.897	1.544~5.433	0.001
Osteoporosis
Education (below high school)	0.005	0.001	1.005	0.683~1.480	0.978
Diabetic retinopathy	0.710	12.382	2.033	1.369~3.019	0.000
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy	0.573	8.082	1.774	1.195~2.633	0.004
Age	0.067	42.920	1.069	1.048~1.091	0.000
BMI	−0.088	8.803	0.916	0.864~0.971	0.003
Education (below high school)	0.921	6.572	2.511	1.242~5.078	0.010

Table 12 Influencing Factors of Abnormal Bone Mass in Female Patients with T2DM

	β	Wald	OR	CI	P
Osteopenia
Age	0.143	60.420	1.154	1.113~1.197	0.000
BMI	−0.139	10.315	0.870	0.800~0.947	0.001
WHR	−2.177	0.811	0.113	0.001~12.942	0.368
Diabetic retinopathy	0.392	1.885	1.481	0.846~2.593	0.170
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy	−0.222	0.542	0.801	0.443~1.446	0.461
Osteoporosis
Age	0.224	125.445	1.251	1.203~1.301	0.000
BMI	−0.085	3.880	0.918	0.844~1.000	0.049
WHR	0.191	0.006	1.211	0.011~138.631	0.937
Diabetic retinopathy	0.615	4.434	1.849	1.043~3.278	0.035
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy	0.089	0.087	1.093	0.603~1.982	0.769

Table 13 Influencing Factors of Abnormal Bone Mass in T2DM Patients Younger Than 45 Years

	β	Wald	OR	CI	P
Osteopenia
Age	0.112	5.548	1.119	1.019~1.228	0.019
BMI	−0.236	10.611	0.790	0.685~0.910	0.001
Duration of T2DM	0.005	3.801	1.005	1.000~1.010	0.051
TG (mmol/L)	0.294	5.076	1.342	1.039~1.733	0.024
Gender (Male)	1.478	7.101	4.386	1.479~13.010	0.008
Osteoporosis
Age	0.136	3.043	1.146	0.983~1.335	0.081
BMI	0.010	0.009	1.010	0.819~1.246	0.922
Duration of T2DM	0.005	1.711	1.005	0.998~1.012	0.191
TG (mmol/L)	−0.538	1.605	0.584	0.254~1.342	0.205
Gender (Male)	2.119	3.749	8.322	0.974~71.087	0.053

Table 14 Influencing Factors of Abnormal Bone Mass in T2DM Patients Between 45 and 60 Years

	β	Wald	OR	CI	P
Osteopenia
Age	0.125	25.816	1.133	1.080~1.189	0.000
BMI	−0.163	27.571	0.850	0.800~0.903	0.000
Gender (male)	−0.178	0.660	0.837	0.545~1.285	0.416
Education (below high school)	0.725	12.035	2.066	1.371~3.112	0.001
TG (mmol/L)	−0.004	0.008	0.996	0.911~1.089	0.931
HDL-C (mmol/L)	0.873	6.540	2.393	1.226~4.670	0.011
Diabetic retinopathy	0.363	2.980	1.438	0.952~2.172	0.084
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy	−0.012	0.003	0.988	0.648~1.508	0.957
Osteoporosis
Age	0.157	30.652	1.171	1.107~1.238	0.000
BMI	−0.105	9.241	0.900	0.841~0.963	0.002
Gender (male)	−0.610	6.373	0.543	0.338~0.872	0.012
Education (below high school)	0.072	0.095	1.075	0.679~1.701	0.757
TG (mmol/L)	−0.047	0.728	0.954	0.857~1.063	0.394
HDL-C (mmol/L)	0.667	2.947	1.949	0.910~4.176	0.086
Diabetic retinopathy	0.761	9.844	2.140	1.331~3.443	0.002
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy	0.496	4.234	1.643	1.024~2.635	0.040

Table 15 Influencing Factors of Abnormal Bone Mass in T2DM Patients Above 60 Years

	β	Wald	OR	CI	P
Osteopenia
BMI	−0.146	15.105	0.864	0.803~0.930	0.000
Duration of T2DM	0.005	6.607	1.005	1.001~1.008	0.010
Gender (male)	−0.690	5.654	0.502	0.284~0.886	0.017
TG (mmol/L)	−0.034	0.546	0.966	0.883~1.058	0.460
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.021	5.049	2.775	1.139~6.761	0.025
Diabetic retinopathy	0.596	5.480	1.814	1.102~2.987	0.019
Osteoporosis
BMI	−0.060	2.603	0.942	0.875~1.013	0.107
Duration of T2DM	0.004	4.533	1.004	1.000~1.008	0.033
Gender (male)	−2.109	53.896	0.121	0.069~0.213	0.000
TG (mmol/L)	−0.099	3.140	0.906	0.813~1.011	0.076
HDL-C (mmol/L)	0.325	0.474	1.384	0.549~3.494	0.491
Diabetic retinopathy	0.705	7.449	2.024	1.220~3.357	0.006