Increased Gestational Weight Gain is Associated with a Higher Risk of Offspring Adiposity Before Five Years of Age: A Population-Based Cohort Study
Shuang Zhang1 Tianjin Women’s and Children’s Health Center, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China;2 NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of Chinahttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2260-6997View further author information
Jiujing Chen2 NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of ChinaView further author information
Figure 1 Forest plot of odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for the association of gestational weight gain with offspring adiposity.
Notes: The total study sample size was 58,332 at birth, and 49,824 (85.4%), 47,388 (81.2%), 48,401 (83.0%), 47,709 (81.8%), 42,604 (73.0%), 43,948 (75.3%), 15,896 (27.3%), and 9661 (16.6%) at 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, and 5 years of age. Squares (Total GWG), inverted triangle (weight gain during the first half of pregnancy), and upright triangle (weight gain during the second half of pregnancy) represent the point estimate, and the bars are the 95% confidence intervals. Multivariable regression analysis, adjusting for maternal age, prepregnancy body mass index, maternal height, smoking, cesarean section, gestational age at birth, birth weight, birth length, mode of infant feeding during 0–6 months (exclusively breastfeeding, mixed feeding, or formula only).
Abbreviations: OR, odds ratios; CI, confidence interval; GWG, gestational weight gain; f-GWG, weight gain during the first half of pregnancy; s-GWG, weight gain during the second half of pregnancy.
Figure 2 Heatmap of the prevalence of offspring adiposity at 0.5−5 years of age.
Notes: Values represent the prevalence of offspring adiposity for each body mass index and weight gain category. The total study sample size was 58,332 at birth, and 49,824 (85.4%), 47,388 (81.2%), 48,401 (83.0%), 47,709 (81.8%), 42,604 (73.0%), 43,948 (75.3%), 15,896 (27.3%), and 9661 (16.6%) at 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, and 5 years of age. BMI groups were commented the Chinese BMI criteria, underweight (BMI <18.5 kg/m2), normal weight (BMI 18.5−23.9 kg/m2), overweight (BMI 24.0− 27.9 kg/m2), and obesity (BMI ≥ 28.0 kg/m2). According to the IOM guidelines, participants were divided into three categories based on maternal weight gain during the first half of pregnancy.
Abbreviations: f-GWG, weight gain during the first half of pregnancy; AGA, appropriate for gestational age.
Table 3 Odds Ratios and 95% Confidence Intervals for the Effects of Maternal Weight Gain During the First Half of Pregnancy on Offspring Adiposity