High Serum FABP4 Levels are Negatively Associated with the Reversion from Prediabetes to Normal Glucose Tolerance: A 2-Year Retrospective Cohort Community Study

Figures & data

Figure 1 Flow chart of study participant enrollment.

Abbreviations: OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; NGT, normal glucose tolerance; AGM, abnormal glucose metabolism.

Table 1 Clinical Parameters of Participants with Normal Glucose Tolerance and Abnormal Glucose Metabolism at Baseline and the 2-Year Follow-Up

	NGT (n=149)	AGM (n=249)	P
Baseline
Age (years)	60.97±9.11	60.57±8.34	0.656
Sex (male/female)	85/64	136/113	0.637
SBP (mmHg)	137.08±16.86	138.64±17.37	0.389
DBP (mmHg)	78.20±10.64	83.04±31.11	0.072
BMI (kg/m^2)	24.59±3.47	25.25±3.12	0.054
Waist circumference (cm)	85.20±11.91	88.12±10.21	0.011
Hip circumference (cm)	94.30±12.30	96.66±10.95	0.052
Waist-to-hip ratio	0.90±0.06	0.91±0.07	0.155
HbA1c (%)	5.81±0.20	5.87±0.23	0.004
FBG (mmol/L)	5.89±0.51	6.10±0.48	<0.001
2hPG (mmol/L)	8.17±1.55	8.65±1.45	0.002
Fasting insulin (µU/mL)	7.37 (5.72–10.04)	8.30 (6.10–11.84)	0.659
HOMA-IR	1.87 (1.45–2.68)	2.29 (1.62–3.23)	0.274
HOMA-β	66.00 (46.82–91.44)	66.32 (46.59–90.37)	0.160
TG (mmol/L)	1.51 (1.01–2.14)	1.63 (1.10–2.37)	0.160
TC (mmol/L)	5.30±0.85	5.38±0.92	0.338
LDL (mmol/L)	3.05±0.71	3.10±0.75	0.497
HDL (mmol/L)	1.53±0.34	1.50±0.38	0.495
TG/HDL	1.03 (0.61–1.59)	1.11 (0.68–1.71)	0.201
FABP4 (ng/mL)	17.86 (12.84–23.62)	20.53 (14.56–28.96)	0.001
2-year follow-up
SBP (mmHg)	132.08±19.71	135.49±15.18	0.056
DBP (mmHg)	81.35±11.20	82.50±8.85	0.265
BMI (kg/m^2)	24.69±3.34	25.59±3.30	0.010
Waist circumference (cm)	83.42±7.83	86.43±8.13	<0.001
Hip circumference (cm)	94.34±6.63	95.09±6.69	0.285
Waist-to-hip ratio	0.88±0.05	0.91±0.07	<0.001
HbA1c (%)	5.77±0.43	5.90±0.37	0.002
FBG (mmol/L)	5.50±0.38	6.23±0.76	<0.001
2hBG (mmol/L)	6.32±1.14	9.09±2.33	<0.001
TG (mmol/L)	1.20 (0.88–1.76)	1.40 (1.03–2.05)	0.005
TC (mmol/L)	5.22±0.99	5.45±1.04	0.046
LDL (mmol/L)	3.18±0.82	3.31±0.87	0.186
HDL (mmol/L)	1.55±0.44	1.50±0.42	0.838
TG/HDL	0.84 (0.50–1.24)	1.04 (0.62–1.63)	0.012

Abbreviations: 2hBG, 2-h glucose load post-challenge blood glucose; AGM, abnormal glucose metabolism; BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FABP4, fatty acid-binding protein 4; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NGT, normal glucose tolerance; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides.

Table 2 Correlations Between FABP4 Levels and the Clinical Parameters of Participants at the End of the Follow-Up Period

Parameters	r	P
Reversion from prediabetes to NGT	−0.175	0.001
Age	0.210	<0.001
BMI	0.302	<0.001
Waist circumference	0.199	<0.001
Hip circumference	0.252	<0.001
Waist-to-hip ratio	0.022	0.676
HbA1c	0.093	0.079
FBG	0.005	0.929
2hBG	0.212	<0.001
TG	0.140	0.013
TC	0.142	0.012
LDL	0.192	0.001
HDL	−0.003	0.959
TG/HDL	−0.022	0.698

Abbreviations: 2hBG, 2-h glucose load post-challenge blood glucose; BMI, body mass index; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NGT, normal glucose tolerance; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides.

Table 3 The Baseline Variables That Predict Reversion from Prediabetes to Normal Glucose Tolerance

	OR (95% CI)	P	OR (95% CI)^†	P^†
Waist circumference	0.983 (0.961–1.006)	0.145	0.984 (0.956–1.014)	0.296
HbA1c	0.595 (0.178–1.984)	0.398	0.633 (0.184–2.185)	0.470
FBG	0.322 (0.188–0.549)	<0.001	0.336 (0.196–0.576)	<0.001
2hBG	0.699 (0.584–0.837)	<0.001	0.697 (0.581–0.837)	<0.001
FABP4	0.958 (0.931–0.985)	0.003	0.960 (0.928–0.993)	0.018

Note: ^†Adjusted for age, sex, body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio.

Abbreviations: 2hBG, 2-h glucose load blood glucose; FABP4, fatty acid-binding protein 4; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin.

Table 4 Cut off Value of FBG, 2hBG and FABP4 in Predict Reversion from Prediabetes to Normal Glucose Tolerance

	Cut-Off	Sensitivity (%)	Specificity (%)
FBG (mmol/L)	≤5.82	77.1	45.6
2hBG (mmol/L)	≤9.19	39.0	78.9
FABP4 (ng/mL)	≤25.37	34.2	82.2

Abbreviations: 2hBG, 2-h glucose load blood glucose; FABP4, fatty acid-binding protein 4; FBG, fasting blood glucose.

Figure 2 Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves of baseline FBG (Line 2), baseline 2hPG (Line 3), baseline FABP4 (Line 4), and a combination of the three (Line 1) for predicting reversion from prediabetes to normal glucose tolerance.