High Prevalence of Abnormal Carcinoembryonic Antigen in Diabetic Inpatients with Poor Glycemic Control

Figures & data

Figure 1 Group 1, the HbA1c<7% group (n=76, with blood glucose at target). Group 2, the 7% ≤ HbA1c < 9% group (n=123). Group 3, the HbA1c ≥ 9% group (n=186, with poorly glycemic control). There was not a significant difference in CEA level between group 1 and group 2, p = 0.463. There was a significant difference in CEA level between group 2 and group 3, p = 0.000. p value less than 0.01 was considered statistically significant.

Table 1 Basic Demographic, Clinical Characteristics and CEA Levels of Participants

Variables	The HbA1c<9% Group (n=199)	The HbA1c≥9% Group (n=186)	p value
CEA levels (ng/mL)	2.82 ± 1.50	3.76 ± 2.07	0.000*
Rate of patients with elevated CEA	17/199 (8.5%)	38/186 (20.4%)	0.001*
Age (years)	59.9 ± 11.6	55.4 ± 13.3	0.000*
Female sex	62 (31.2%)	49 (26.3%)	0.298
Smoking	77 (38.7%)	74 (39.8%)	0.826
Drinking	86 (43.2%)	47 (25.3%)	0.000*
BMI (kg/m2)	25.2 ± 3.2	24.8 ± 3.7	0.240
HbA1c (%)	7.26 ± 0.98	11.37 ± 1.91	0.000*
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	133.4 ±19.7	128.9 ±20.2	0.027
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	79.9 ± 11.5	81.5 ± 12.1	0.173
Uric acid (μmol/l)	330.1 ±93.8	305.7 ±94.2	0.012
Total cholesterol (mmol/l)	4.59 ±1.24	4.77 ±1.27	0.157
Triglycerides (mmol/l)	1.84 ± 1.64	2.02 ±1.82	0.314
LDL cholesterol (mmol/l)	2.66 ± 0.97	2.90 ± 1.03	0.024
HDL cholesterol (mmol/l)	1.15 ± 0.32	1.05 ± 0.27	0.001*
Creatinine (μmol/l)	72.0 ±27.6	64.6 ±23.2	0.005*
ALT (U/L)	25.2 ±15.0	26.6 ±17.6	0.406

Notes: The bold font represents the prevalence of abnormal CEA in diabetic inpatients. *p value was less than 0.01.

Abbreviations: CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen; BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol; ALT, alanine aminotransferase.

Table 2 Correlation Analysis of CEA Level in Diabetic Inpatients

Variables	B value	SE value	p value
Age (years)	0.028	0.008	0.001*
Sex (female)	−0.233	0.239	0.332
Smoking	0.147	0.206	0.476
Drinking	0.323	0.200	0.107
BMI (kg/m2)	−0.081	0.028	0.004*
HbA1c	0.284	0.036	0.000*
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	0.000	0.007	0.972
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	−0.003	0.012	0.794
Uric acid (μmol/l)	−0.001	0.001	0.184
Total cholesterol (mmol/l)	0.135	0.079	0.089
Triglycerides (mmol/l)	0.078	0.061	0.204
Creatinine (μmol/l)	0.007	0.004	0.096
ALT (U/L)	0.003	0.006	0.634

Notes: R² (coefficient of determination), 0.224; Durbin-Watson, 2.051; B, regression coefficient. *p value was less than 0.01.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; ALT, alanine aminotransferase.

Figure 2 Group 1 (n= 143), BMI<24 kg/m2. Group 2, the overweight group (n= 173), BMI ≥24 kg/m2 and < 28 kg/m2. Group 3, the obesity group (n= 69), BMI ≥ 28 kg/m2. There was a significant difference in CEA level between group 1 and group 2, p = 0.000. There was not a significant difference in CEA level between group 2 and group 3, p = 0.296. There was a significant difference in CEA level between group 1 and group 3, p = 0.017. p value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Figure 3 The elevated CEA group (n=42), the CEA level ≥ 5ng/mL; the non-elevated CEA group (n=267), the CEA level < 5ng/mL. There was a significant difference in the insulin level between the elevated CEA group and the non-elevated CEA group. *p value was less than 0.05.

Figure 4 The elevated CEA group (n=42), the CEA level ≥ 5ng/mL; the non-elevated CEA group (n=267), the CEA level < 5ng/mL. There was a significant difference in the C peptide level between the elevated CEA group and the non-elevated CEA group. *p value was less than 0.05.