Decreased Serum Dickkopf-1 Levels After Hypoglycemic Therapy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Figures & data

Table 1 Clinical Characteristics of the Participants at the Baseline and Endpoint

	Baseline	Endpoint	Changes	P value
Age, years	61.00 (55.00–65.75)	NA	NA	NA
Male, %	60.87	NA	NA	NA
Diabetic Duration, years	13.67 ± 0.69	NA	NA	NA
BMI, kg/m^2	25.84 ± 0.28	25.57 ± 0.28	−0.27 ± 0.08	0.001
SBP, mmHg	136.60 ± 1.49	130.91 ± 1.55	−5.68 ± 1.56	< 0.001
DBP, mmHg	80.40 ± 0.81	78.66 ± 0.84	−1.74 ± 0.90	0.057
TC, mmol/L	5.11 ± 0.10	4.98 ± 0.10	−0.13 ± 0.11	0.251
TG, mmol/L	1.50 (0.97–2.20)	1.37 (0.99–2.16)	−0.13 (−0.65–0.39)	0.126
HDL-C, mmol/L	1.20 ± 0.03	1.19 ± 0.04	−0.015 ± 0.02	0.528
LDL-C, mmol/L	3.03 ± 0.09	2.91 ± 0.08	−0.12 ± 0.09	0.189
FPG, mmol/L	10.33 ± 0.27	8.72 ± 0.22	−1.61 ± 0.31	< 0.001
PG2h, mmol/L	19.91 ± 0.37	13.64 ± 0.42	−6.27 ± 0.46	< 0.001
HbA1c, %	8.47 ± 0.08	7.56 ± 0.08	−0.91 ± 0.09	< 0.001
DKK-1, pg/mL	3734.18 ± 85.49	3566.49 ± 85.32	−167.68 ± 44.37	< 0.001

Note: Variables were presented as means ± standard error (SE) or median (IQR).

Abbreviations: SE, standard error; IQR, inter quartile range; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic pressure; DBP, diastolic pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; PG2h, 2-hour postprandial plasma glucose; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin A1c; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Figure 1 Receiver operating characteristic curve for baseline DKK-1 levels.

Abbreviation: DKK-1, dickkopf-1.

Figure 2 (A) Correlation between baseline DKK-1 levels and baseline TC; (B) correlation between baseline DKK-1 levels and baseline LDL-C; (C) correlation between baseline DKK-1 levels and ΔSBP; (D) correlation between baseline DKK-1 levels and ΔDBP.

Abbreviations: DKK-1, dickkopf-1; TC, total cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; Δ, the differences between 12-week follow-up and baseline.

Table 2 Clinical Characteristics of the Participants at the Baseline and Endpoint Divided by Baseline DKK-1 Levels

	Baseline DKK-1 Levels < 3700 pg/mL (n = 44)			Baseline DKK-1 Levels ≥ 3700 pg/mL (n = 48)
	Baseline	Endpoint	Changes	Baseline	Endpoint	Changes
Age, years	61.00 (56.00–66.00)	NA	NA	60.00 (51.00–64.00)	NA	NA
Male, %	68.18	NA	NA	54.17	NA	NA
Diabetic Duration, years	14.23 ± 1.00	NA	NA	13.17 ± 0.97	NA	NA
BMI, kg/m^2	25.40 ± 0.38	25.06 ± 0.39^##	−0.35 ± 0.11	26.24 ± 0.40	26.04 ± 0.40	−0.20 ± 0.12
SBP, mmHg	137.52 ± 2.40	127.73 ± 2.24^##	−9.80 ± 2.41	135.75 ± 1.83	133.83 ± 2.08	−1.91 ± 1.87*^a
DBP, mmHg	80.27 ± 1.03	76.68 ± 1.15^#	−3.59 ± 1.39	80.52 ± 1.24	80.48 ± 1.17	−0.04 ± 1.13*^a
TC, mmol/L	4.97 ± 0.15	4.83 ± 0.16	−0.14 ± 0.17	5.23 ± 0.14	5.12 ± 0.14	−0.11 ± 0.14
TG, mmol/L	1.37 (0.82–2.34)	1.23 (0.79–1.73)	−0.12 (−0.59–0.21)	1.65 (1.24–2.05)	1.60 (1.19–2.18)	−0.16 (−0.68–0.57)
HDL-C, mmol/L	1.24 ± 0.04	1.25 ± 0.06	0.01 ± 0.03	1.17 ± 0.04	1.13 ± 0.04	−0.04 ± 0.03
LDL-C, mmol/L	2.86 ± 0.12	2.76 ± 0.12	−0.10 ± 0.13	3.20 ± 0.12*	3.05 ± 0.11	−0.14 ± 0.13
FPG, mmol/L	10.17 ± 0.46	8.68 ± 0.32^##	−1.49 ± 0.49	10.47 ± 0.32	8.75 ± 0.30^##	−1.72 ± 0.40
PG2h, mmol/L	19.52 ± 0.52	13.51 ± 0.65^##	−6.01 ± 0.69	20.28 ± 0.51	13.76 ± 0.55^##	−6.52 ± 0.62
HbA1c, %	8.23 ± 0.11	7.61 ± 0.12^##	−0.63 ± 0.13	8.68 ± 0.12**	7.52 ± 0.10^##	−1.16 ± 0.12

Notes: Variables were presented as means ± standard error (SE) or median (IQR). *P < 0.05 (vs patients with baseline DKK-1 levels <3700 pg/mL). **P < 0.01 (vs patients with baseline DKK-1 levels <3700 pg/mL). ^#P < 0.05 (vs baseline levels). ^##P < 0.01 (vs baseline levels). ^aThe differences of changes of parameters between Baseline DKK-1 levels < 3700 pg/mL and Baseline DKK-1 levels ≥ 3700 pg/mL group were compared using analysis of covariance adjusting for baseline levels.

Abbreviations: SE, standard error; IQR, interquartile range; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic pressure; DBP, diastolic pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; PG2h, 2-hour postprandial plasma glucose; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin A1c; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Figure 3 (A) Comparisons of serum DKK-1 levels at baseline and 12-week follow-up in patients with baseline DKK-1 levels < 3700 pg/mL and ≥ 3700 pg/mL; (B) the distribution of ΔDKK-1 levels in patients with baseline DKK-1 levels < 3700 pg/mL and ≥ 3700 pg/mL.

Abbreviations: DKK-1, dickkopf-1; Δ, the differences between 12-week follow-up and baseline.