Utility of Adipokines and IL-10 in Association with Anthropometry in Prediction of Insulin Resistance in Obese Children

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic and Anthropometric Data of the Studied Groups

		Control Group	Obese Group	Test Value	P-value
		No. = 100	No. = 100
Age/year	Mean ± SD	11.66 ± 3.16	11.62 ± 2.90	0.105^•	0.917
	Range	6–17	6–18
Sex	Female	50 (50.0%)	50 (50.0%)	0.000*	1.000
	Male	50 (50.0%)	50 (50.0%)
Z-score (Weight)	Median (IQR)	−0.77 (−0.99–−0.33)	0.51 (0.05–1.38)	−10.403^≠	<0.001
	Range	−1.52–0.29	−0.90–4.09
Z-score (Height)	Median (IQR)	−0.12 (−0.91–0.84)	0.25 (−0.50–1.01)	−1.755^≠	0.079
	Range	−2.28–1.63	−2.22–1.70
BMI	Mean ± SD	17.48 ± 2.22	30.84 ± 5.30	−23.281^•	<0.001
	Range	12.16–26.37	20–52
Z-score (BMI)	Median (IQR)	−0.89 (−1.02–−0.68)	0.75 (0.41–1.23)	−12.139^≠	<0.001
	Range	−1.53–0.28	−0.53–3.56
Waist circumference	Mean ± SD	59.75 ± 7.78	95.38 ± 11.19	−26.146^•	<0.001
	Range	42–73	70–140
Z-score: Waist circumference	Median (IQR)	−0.97 (−1.12–−0.53)	0.85 (0.53–1.05)	−12.169^≠	<0.001
	Range	−1.76–−0.23	−0.38–3.07
Waist / height ratio	Mean ± SD	0.42 ± 0.03	0.65 ± 0.06	−35.121^•	<0.001
	Range	0.33–0.5	0.52–0.84
Z-score: Waist / height ratio	Median (IQR)	−0.90 (−1.07–−0.76)	0.82 (0.62–1.16)	−12.217^≠	<0.001
	Range	−1.57–−0.23	−0.11–2.39
Waist circumference on centile	<90th >90th	-	16.0% 84.0%

P > 0.05: Non-significant; P < 0.05: Significant; P < 0.01: Highly significant. ^•Independent t-test; ^≠Mann–Whitney test; *Chi-square test.

Table 2 Blood Pressure Measurements in the Two Studied Groups

		Control Group	Obese Group	Test Value^•	P-value
		No. = 100	No. = 100
Vitals
SBP/mmHg	Mean ± SD	111.50 ± 7.54	123.58 ± 7.93	−11.039^•	<0.001
	Range	90–120	100–140
DBP/mmHg	Mean ± SD	71.47 ± 7.05	80.98 ± 5.61	−10.556^•	<0.001
	Range	60–86	60–90
SBP according to 95th centile	<95^th No./ % >95^th	-	43.0% 57.0%
DBP according to 95th centile	<95^th No./ % >95 ^th		62.0% 38.0%

Notes: P > 0.05: Non significant; P < 0.05: Significant; P < 0.01: Highly significant. ^•Independent t-test.

Table 3 Chemical Data of the Two Studied Groups

Variable		Control Group	Obese Group	Test Value	P-value
		No. = 100	No. = 100
Uric acid mg/dl	Mean ± SD	4.58 ± 0.64	4.75 ± 0.93	−1.501^•	0.135
	Range	3.6–5.8	2.6–6.4
Adipsin ng/mL	Median (IQR)	1.79 (1.25–2.56)	4.56 (3.31–5.93)	−8.481^≠	<0.001
	Range	0.46–14	0.87–323
Lipocalin 2 ng/mL	Median (IQR)	102.8 (79.65–155.3)	193.85 (134.3–355.7)	−6.877^≠	<0.001
	Range	18.8–622.7	1.04–1445.4
IL10 pg/mL	Median (IQR)	134 (100–188.5)	101.6 (73.75–120)	−5.956^≠	0.481
	Range	72.8–986	30–198
Fasting insulin	Median (IQR)	6.6 (3.9–8)	12.7 (7.8–21.35)	−7.753^≠	<0.001
	Range	1.1–9.8	1.1–103.5
Fasting blood glucose	Mean ± SD	76.89 ± 5.20	84.80 ± 8.03	−8.266^•	<0.001
	Range	67–90	69–106
HOMA-IR	Median (IQR)	1.23 (0.74–1.49)	2.54 (1.6–4.31)	−8.290^≠	<0.001
	Range	0.19–1.98	0.24–25.56
Cholesterol mg/dl	Mean ± SD	140.46 ± 21.34	160.81 ± 36.22	−4.840^•	<0.001
	Range	103–185	84–234
Triglycerides mg/dl	Mean ± SD	100.96 ± 23.79	140.26 ± 33.39	−9.585^•	<0.001
	Range	43–144	80–240
HDL mg/dl	Mean ± SD	41.69 ± 3.91	39.30 ± 3.78	−4.404^•	<0.001
	Range	28–49	29–48
LDL mg/dl	Mean ± SD	80.97 ± 21.02	120.26 ± 20.08	−13.515^•	<0.001
	Range	38.4–126.4	39.4–146

Notes: P > 0.05: Non significant; P < 0.05: Significant; P < 0.01: Highly significant. ^•Independent t-test; ^≠Mann–Whitney test.

Table 4 Distribution of Abnormal Lipoproteins Levels in Obese Children

Total Cholesterol in mg/dl
Normal (<170 mg/dl)	53	53.0%
High (≥200 mg/dl)	47	47.0%
Triglycerides in mg/dl
Normal (35–135 mg/dl)	4	4.0%
High (≥135mg/dl)	96	96.0%
HDL in mg/dl
Normal (45–65mg/dl)	23	23.0%
High (≥65mg/dl)	42	42.0%
Low (<40mg/dl)	35	35.0%
LDL in mg/dl
Normal (<130mg/dl)	64	64.0%
High (≥130mg/dl)	36	36.0%

Table 5 Correlation Between the Studied Variables

	Adipsin		Lipocalin 2		IL10		Fasting Insulin		HOMA-IR
	r	P-value	r	P-value	r	P-value	r	P-value	r	P-value
Age/year	−0.049	0.631	−0.180	0.073	0.005	0.964	0.184	0.067	0.214	0.033
Weight/kg	−0.066	0.513	−0.231	0.021	0.059	0.558	0.221	0.027	0.242	0.015
Z-score (Weight)	−0.066	0.513	−0.231	0.021	0.059	0.558	0.221	0.027	0.242	0.015
Height	−0.079	0.434	−0.187	0.063	−0.016	0.876	0.134	0.182	0.159	0.114
Z-score (Height)	−0.079	0.434	−0.187	0.063	−0.016	0.876	0.134	0.182	0.159	0.114
BMI	−0.059	0.560	0.230	0.021	0.095	0.349	0.291	0.003	0.309	0.002
Z-score (BMI)	−0.059	0.560	0.230	0.021	0.095	0.349	0.291	0.003	0.309	0.002
Waist circumference	−0.008	0.938	−0.227	0.023	0.105	0.298	0.197	0.050	0.209	0.037
Z-score: Waist circumference	−0.008	0.938	−0.227	0.023	0.105	0.298	0.197	0.050	0.209	0.037
Waist / height ratio	0.027	0.792	−0.049	0.629	0.068	0.504	−0.027	0.790	−0.035	0.730
Z-score: Waist / height ratio	0.027	0.792	−0.049	0.629	0.068	0.504	−0.027	0.790	−0.035	0.730
SBP/mmHg	0.003	0.980	−0.123	0.225	−0.015	0.885	0.148	0.142	0.168	0.095
DBP/mmHg	−0.042	0.682	−0.104	0.301	0.013	0.899	0.077	0.446	0.099	0.327
F.B.S mg/dl	0.028	0.779	−0.097	0.335	−0.174	0.083	0.044	0.661	0.168	0.094
Cholesterol mg/dl	0.104	0.304	−0.031	0.762	−0.060	0.551	−0.057	0.571	−0.064	0.529
Triglycerides mg/dl	0.204	0.042	0.031	0.758	−0.222	0.027	0.041	0.685	0.046	0.653
HDL mg/dl	0.044	0.661	−0.057	0.575	−0.100	0.323	0.036	0.719	0.018	0.860
LDL mg/dl	0.111	0.273	0.078	0.440	0.172	0.087	0.070	0.492	0.061	0.549
Uric acid mg/dl	0.089	0.376	0.024	0.816	0.006	0.953	0.079	0.435	0.080	0.430

Note: Spearman correlation coefficients.

Table 6 Correlation Between the Studied Adipokines and IL10 with the Serum Fasting Insulin and HOMA-IR

	Adipsin		Lipocalin- 2		IL10		Fasting Insulin		HOMA-IR
	r	P-value	r	P-value	r	P-value	r	P-value	r	P-value
Adipsin ng/mL	-	-	0.573	0.000	0.146	0.148	−0.106	0.292	−0.108	0.283
Lipocalin 2 ng/mL	0.573	0.000	-	-	0.132	0.191	0.614**	<0.001	0.723	0.000
IL10 pg/mL	0.146	0.148	0.132	0.191	-	-	−0.265**	0.001	0.186	0.064
Fasting insulin mg/dl	−0.106	0.292	−0.225	0.025	0.211*	0.035	-	-	0.988	0.000
HOMA-IR	−0.108	0.283	−0.250	0.012	0.186	0.064	0.988**	<0.001	-	-

Notes: Spearman correlation coefficients. *Significant at P ≤ 0.05. **Highly significant at P ≤ 0.001.

Data Availability Statement

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.