Are There Differences in Gut Microbiome in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Treated by Metformin or Metformin and Insulin?

Figures & data

Table 1 The Characteristics of the Investigated T2D Patients (the Results are Expressed as Median and Interquartile Range)

	All T2DM	Met	Met+Ins	p
	N=60	N=27	N=33
Age [years]	64.0 (59.5–72.0)	70.0 (61.0–78.0)	63.0 (58.0–69.9)	0.03
Diabetes duration [years]	8.2 (5.9–8.9)	7.9 (5.8–9.0)	8.4 (6.0–9.2)	>0.05
Glu 0’ [mmol/l]	7.3 (6.2–9.7)	6.8 (5.9–7.6)	8.9 (6.7–11.4)	0.02
HbA1c [%]	7.2 (6.2–8.7)	6.2 (5.9–6.6)	8.2 (7.3–9.3)	0.000001
HbA1c [mmol/mol]	55.0 (44.0–72.0)	44.0 (41.0–49.0)	66.0 (56.0–78.0)	0.00001
Glu mean [mmol/l]	8.9 (7.3–11.3)	7.3 (6.9–7.9)	10.5 (9.0–12.2)	0.00001
TC [mmol/l]	4.65 (3.81–5.17)	4.66 (4.09–5.32)	4.47 (3.81–5.14)	>0.05
HDL-C [mmol/l]	1.25 (0.99–1.50)	1.34 (1.05–1.82)	1.15 (0.91–1.4)	>0.05
LDL-C [mmol/l]	2.47 (1.74–3.12)	2.38 (1.76–3.07)	2.49 (1.71–3.18)	>0.05
Non-HDL-C [mmol/l]	3.25 (2.43–3.83)	3.15 (2.18–3.86)	3.36 (2.5–3.83)	>0.05
TAG [mmol/l]	1.60 (1.32–2.08)	1.46 (1.18–1.71)	1.97 (1.45–2.31)	0.01
Crea [umol/l]	68.0 (58.8–89.9)	73.5 (59.8–85.7)	65.1 (57.7–93.1)	>0.05
eGFR [mL/min/1.73m^2]	60.0 (57.8–60.0)	60.0 (59.0–60.0)	59.0 (56.8–60.0)	>0.05

Figure 1 Relative frequency of the microbial population at the orders level in all investigated T2DM patients.

Figure 2 Percentages of the microbial population at the orders level of Metfromin group of T2DM patients.

Figure 3 Percentages of the microbial population at the orders level of Metformin+Insulin group of T2DM patients.

Figure 4 Percentages of the microbial population at the orders level of Metformin group of T2DM patients – The 1% from the other bacterial orders.

Figure 5 Percentages of the microbial population at the orders level of Metformin+Insulin group of T2DM patients – The 1% from the other bacterial orders.

Figure 6 Shannon diversity of microbiome in investigated groups.