Serum Pigment Epithelium-Derived Factor Levels are Associated with Estradiol and Decrease After Adjusting for Alanine Aminotransferase in Chinese Women Based on Multiple Linear Regression Analysis

Figures & data

Table 1 Clinical Parameters of Subjects According to the Presence or Absence of MetS

	Total	Non-MetS	MetS	P value
n (men/women)	318(145/173)	130 (53/77)	188 (92/96)	0.17
Age (years)	49.73±14.76	49.55±14.84	49.86±14.73	0.858
BMI (kg/m^2)	25.52±3.88	23.69±3.24	26.81±3.79*	<0.001
Waist circumference(cm)	89.33±10.31	83.28±9.168	93.40±8.968*	<0.001
Waist-to-hip ratio	0.89±0.06	0.86±0.06	0.91±0.05*	<0.001
SBP (mmHg)	124.09±15.14	117.7±13.42	128.49±14.73*	<0.001
DBP (mmHg)	79.21±9.53	74.71±8.51	82.31±8.98*	<0.001
Fasting glucose (mmol/l)	5.81±1.46	5.28±0.88	6.18±1.67*	<0.001
2-h glucose (mmol/l)	10.19±4.30	8.44±3.55	11.41±4.36*	<0.001
Fasting insulin (μIU/mL)	13.22±9.70	9.60±6.04	15.72±10.90*	<0.001
2-h insulin (μIU/mL)	101.18±84.98	79.78±61.93	115.83±95.09*	<0.001
HOMA-IR (pmol/l, mmol/l)	3.41±2.61	2.23±1.39	4.22±2.93*	<0.001
HOMA-β (pmol/l, mmol/l)	150.69±156.83	147.05±143.77	153.24±165.71	0.474
HbA1c (%)	6.10±0.95	5.75±0.52	6.35±1.10*	<0.001
ALT (U/L)	33.18±30.64	25.13±21.69	41.80±36.13*	<0.001
AST (U/L)	27.81±16.17	24.42±10.81	31.57±19.94*	0.003
BUN (mmol/l)	5.16±1.36	5.03±1.23	5.30±1.49	0.178
Cr (μmol/l)	63.35±17.55	62.59±17.43	64.16±17.75	0.551
UA (μmo/l)	328.93±99.29	305.89±86.33	353.00±106.48*	0.001
TG (mmol/l)	1.93±1.40	1.34±0.74	2.60±1.65*	0.000
TC (mmol/l)	4.84±1.02	4.71±1.03	5.00±1.01*	0.042
HDL-C (mmol/l)	1.26±0.45	1.36±0.37	1.14±0.51*	0.000
LDL-C (mmol/l)	2.56±0.71	2.60±0.68	2.52±0.75	0.378
PEDF (μg/mL)	10.43±3.14	8.63±2.71	11.85±3.23*	<0.001
Men	10.94±3.28	8.97±3.19	12.09±2.75*
Women	10.01±2.96	8.40±2.32	11.31±2.79*
Estradiol	258.29±191.76	288.31±210.63	212.18±149.42*	0.034

Notes: Data are means ± SDs. Estradiol (data from women). *P<0.05.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-β, homeostasis model assessment of insulin secretion; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; Cr, creatinine; UA, uric acid; TG, triacylglycerol; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; PEDF, pigment epithelium-derived factor.

Figure 1 Analysis of circulating pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) levels in different groups. Data are shown as the means ± SEs. *P<0.05.

Table 2 Spearman Correlation Analysis of PEDF and Clinical Indices

Variables	Correlation	P value
Age (years)	−0.088	0.188
BMI (kg/m^2)	0.255	<0.001
Waist circumference(cm)	0.333	<0.001
Waist-to-hip ratio	0.281	<0.001
SBP (mmHg)	0.104	0.071
DBP (mmHg)	0.203	<0.001
Fasting glucose (mmol/l)	0.188	0.001
2-h glucose (mmol/l)	0.221	<0.001
Fasting insulin (μIU/mL)	0.317	<0.001
2-h insulin (μIU/mL)	0.226	<0.001
HOMA-IR (pmol/l, mmol/l)	0.359	<0.001
HOMA-β (pmol/l, mmol/l)	0.149	0.008
HbA1c (%)	0.173	0.007
ALT (U/L)	0.374	<0.001
AST (U/L)	0.270	<0.001
BUN (mmol/l)	0.099	0.108
Cr (μmol/l)	0.105	0.161
UA (μmo/l)	0.275	<0.001
TG (mmol/l)	0.311	<0.001
TC (mmol/l)	0.105	0.127
HDL-C (mmol/l)	−0.176	0.011
LDL-C (mmol/l)	−0.02	0.771

Note: Data are means ± SDs.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-β, homeostasis model assessment of insulin secretion; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; Cr, creatinine; UA, uric acid; TG, triacylglycerol; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; PEDF, pigment epithelium-derived factor.

Table 3 Stepwise Multivariate Regression Analysis of Serum PEDF Levels

Independent Variable	B	SE	Standardized β	P value
ALT	0.041	0.015	0.260	0.006
HOMA-IR	0.348	0.141	0.227	0.015
TG	0.411	0.193	0.184	0.035

Note: Variables of the original model included.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; Waist-to-hip ratio, waist circumference; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; 2-h glucose, Fasting glucose; 2-h insulin, Fasting insulin; HOMA- IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-β, homeostasis model assessment of insulin secretion; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; UA, uric acid; TG, triacylglycerol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Table 4 Multivariate Regression Analysis of Serum PEDF Levels in Women

	B	SE	Standardized β	P
Model 1
Estradiol	−0.004	0.002	−0.250	0.011
Model 2
Estradiol	−0.001	0.000	−0.179	0.037
HOMA-IR	0.432	0.093	0.418	<0.001
TG	0.446	0.168	0.195	0.024
Model 3
Estradiol	−0.000	0.000	−0.112	0.191
HOMA-IR	0.220	0.100	0.255	0.015
TG	0.898	0.241	0.313	0.001
ALT	0.025	0.007	0.271	0.008

Abbreviations: HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; TG, triacylglycerol; ALT, alanine aminotransferase.

Figure 2 Correlation analysis of serum pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) levels and estradiol (E) concentrations in women.