Maintenance of Self-Care Activities During COVID-19 Lockdown in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes That Received a Comprehensive Care Program Training

Figures & data

Figure 1 Flow chart of patients enrolled in the CAIPaDi program, and patients included for analysis with virtual and face-to-face evaluations.

Table 1 Changes in Metabolic Parameters

	Pre Lockdown		Post Lockdown	p 2018–2019	p 2019–2020
	2018	2019	2020
Blood pressure (mmHg)
Systolic	120 ± 11	120 ± 10	122 ± 13	0.96	0.11
Diastolic	74 ± 6.9	73 ± 5	73 ± 5.4	0.03	0.26
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	135 (100.5–181)	137 (110–191)	145 (104–183)	0.05	0.74
c-LDL (mg/dL)	104 ± 33	104 ± 29	98 ± 32	0.97	0.05
Glucose (mg/dL)	118 ± 32	122 ± 41	124 ± 39	0.20	0.68
HbA1c (%)	6.8 ± 1.3	6.9 ± 1.5	7.0 ± 1.5	0.60	0.32
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.77 (0.64–0.9)	0.74 ± 0.16	0.78 ± 0.18	0.19	<0.05
Uric acid (mg/dL)	6.9 ± 1.5	5.5 ± 1.18	5.5 ± 1.2	0.40	0.62
ALT (mg/dL)	21 (15–31)	20 (15–30)	21 (16–30)	0.51	0.28
AST (mg/dL)	21 (17–26)	19 (17–24.7)	19 (16–24)	0.60	0.95
GGT (mg/dL)	24 (18–36.5)	23 (17–36)	22 (16–32.5)	0.80	0.92
ACR (g/mg)	10.23 (4.3–22)	10.7 (6.6–17.8)	8.7 (4–16)	0.41	0.74

Note: Glucose is fasting plasma glucose.

Abbreviations: c-LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; ALT, alanine transferase; AST, aspartate transferase; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; ACR, albumin/creatinine ratio.

Table 2 Changes in Nutrition and Physical Activity Parameters

	2018 (Pre Lockdown)	2019 (Pre Lockdown)	2020 (Post Lockdown)	p 2018–2019	p 2019–2020
Calories consumed (Kcal/day)	1402 ± 301	1345 ± 291	1394 ± 399	0.02	0.13
Carbohydrates (gr)	144 ± 43	141 ± 45	147 ± 49	0.49	0.19
Proteins (gr)	74 ± 17	69 ± 15	71 ± 20	<0.05	0.23
Fat (gr)	58 ± 13	55 ± 12	57 ± 20	0.03	0.22
BMI (kg/m2)	28.8 ± 4.5	28.8 ± 4.4	28.6 ± 4.4	0.88	0.10
Weight (Kg)	74.3 ± 14.6	74.3 ± 14.9	73.9 ± 14.7	0.86	0.16
Days of exercise/week	4 (0–5)	4 (0.5–5)	3 (0–5)	0.92	0.09
Minutes of exercise/week	150 (0–240)	135 (30–240)	120 (0–225)	0.46	0.16
Hours of television	2 (1–3)	2 (1–3)	2 (1–3)	0.67	0.71
Hours of sleep	7 (6–8)	7 (6–8)	7 (6–8)	0.94	0.80
Sitting time	4 (2–6)	4 (2–6)	4 (3–6)	0.98	<0.05
Steps/day	7000 (4897–10,000)*	6000 (4533–8290)**	6000 (3175–9080)***	0.16	0.50

Note: *n=58, **n=37, ***n=33.

Abbreviation: BMI, body mass index.

Table 3 Changes in Anxiety and Depression Scores, Quality of Life, and Empowerment

	2018 (Pre Lockdown)	2019 (Pre Lockdown)	2020 (Post Lockdown)	p 2018–2019	p 2019–2020
HAD anxiety, n (%)
Mild	109 (82)	107 (80.5)	105 (78.9)	0.95	0.78
Moderate	15 (11.3)	18 (13.5)	20 (15.0)
Severe	9 (6.8)	8 (6.0)	8 (6.0)
HAD depression n (%)
Mild	123 (92.5)	118 (88.7)	116 (87.2)	0.92	0.37
Moderate	7 (5.3)	9 (6.8)	14 (10.5)
Severe	3 (2.3)	6 (4.5)	3 (2.2)
Quality of life (DQoL)	71.4 ± 20.3	71.6 ± 18.7	71.7 ± 20	0.86	0.58
Empowerment	81.2 ± 14.9	81.9 ± 18.7	83.6 ± 14.1	0.90	0.68

Abbreviations: HAD, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; DQoL, Diabetes Quality of Life Questionnaire.