Current Strategies and Potential Prospects for Nanoparticle-Mediated Treatment of Diabetic Nephropathy

Figures & data

Table 1 Examples of Preclinical Studies About Different Nanoplatform in the Treatment of DN

Nano Carrier	Cargo	Target	Mechanism	Strengths	Reference
1. Liposomes
Solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN)	Myricitrin	Kidney cell	Myricitrin targeted into kidney cell with SLN to inhibit the expression of TGF-β and reduce oxidative stress and cytotoxicity.	Compared with traditional oral polyphenols, lipid nanoparticles facilitate their passage through cell membranes and improve bioavailability.	Akram et al^Citation31 Chen et al^Citation30
Kidney-targeted rhein (RH)-loaded lipid nanoparticles	Rhein (RH)	Renal tubular cells, endothelial cells, mesangial cells, and podocyte	KLPPR promoting quick cellular internalization of the renal tubular cells, endothelial cells, mesangial cells, and podocytes uptake and endocytosis through a non-lysosomal pathway and rhein’s antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties can protect the kidney from DN.	KLPPR alleviates hepatotoxic side-effects of RH and improves bioavailability through excellent kidney-targeted distribution.	Wang et al^Citation4 Ghorbani et al^Citation35
Apigenin-loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticle	Apigenin	Kidney cell	Apigenin-SLNP can enhance nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase- 1 pathway to reduce the ROS and inflammation.	SLNP improve biodistribution sensitivity and specificity of Apigenin and greatly increases its bioavailability, while reducing its pharmacological toxicity.	Li et al^Citation38 Wu et al^Citation37
2.Polymeric
2.1 Chitosan
Trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles	Oral insulin	Insulin dependent tissues including kidney	Cs results in mucosal adhesion and increasing absorption through the ionic interaction between cationic amine groups of it with the anionic groups at the epithelial cell surface. pH-sensitive of Alginate swells in the alkaline pH of the intestine while is stable at low pH of other organs.	Trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles with higher solubility does not have side effects as injected insulin such as needle phobia, pain, skin bulges, allergic reactions, common infections and so on.	Azar et al^Citation9 Li et al^Citation45
ChAuNps /PLGA	Oral insulin	Insulin dependent tissues including kidney	Mucus-penetrating nanoparticles particularly paired with biocompatible and mucoadhesive polymers like chitosan and PLGA will cause the nanoparticles to adhere to the intestinal mem-brane. which makes it easier for nanoparticles to engage with mucoid membranes, prompting tight junctions to change completely and then transfer the linked insulin along the paracellular route.	The nanocarrier achieves longer-term insulin release and the oral delivery of insulin via nanoparticles effectively avoid painful and traumatic subcutaneous delivery in the treatment of postprandial hyperglycemia.	Asal et al^Citation46 Khan et al^Citation48
Chitosan-Nanoparticles	Polydatin (resveratrol-3-O-β-mono-D-glucoside)	Kidney cell	POL-NPs ameliorates the inflammatory responses by downregulation of NF-κB and consequently COX-2 to attenuate the DN which also restore the normal equilibrium between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines through modulating of the pro-inflammatory response in the kidney.It also significantly attenuated renal injury through the stronger antioxidant properties of polydatin.	POL-NPs new formula is biocompatible and can successively ameliorate nephropathy in diabetic rats than free POL.	Abeer et al^Citation49 Latos-Brozio et al^Citation51
Brij-grafted-chitosan (BC with grafted degree of 12%)	Berberine (BBR)	Intestinal epithelium and kidney	BBR-BC12-NPs enhanced intestinal permeability of BBR by facilitating paracellular transport and inhibited PGP-mediated drug efflux.	The BC-NPs enhances the relative oral bioavailability of BBR in rats and the therapeutic potency of BBR in renal function and histopathology.	Xiong et al^Citation6 Yu et al^Citation55
2.2 Polylactic acid
blockcopolymerpla-P85-PLA	Oral insulin	Gastrointestinal cells	P85 block on the surface of PLA-P85-PLA vesicles could exhibit high permeation characteristic to the cell membrane of the intestine due to their amphiphilic property and the active transcellular transport of nanoparticles begins with an endocytic process that occurs at the apical cell membrane and then the particles transport through the cells and release at their basolateral pole.	PLA-P85-PLA vesicles can maintain the glucose level over a longer time than for the normal subcutaneous injection of free insulin. Meanwhile, its degradation products can enter the tricarboxylic acid cycle or be removed from the body by the kidneys.	Xiong et al^Citation61 Mohamed et al^Citation62
PLA Nanoparticles	Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.)	Glomerulus and its blood vessels	TC‐PLA NPs may impart the therapeutic potential through enhanced antioxidant function of TC and reduced the inflammatory rates either alone or via bioactive compound synergism.	TC-NPS is an alternative medicine to avoid adverse side effects and expensive therapy while enhancing the protection of the body due to their hepatoprotective capacity.	Ragavee et al^Citation65 Alajmi et al^Citation64
3.Inorganic NPs
3.1 Nano-oxides
USPIO-PEG NP	Anti-LOX-1	Renal LOX-1	Activated macrophages expressing LOX-1selectively accumulate LOX-1-targeted PEG-coated USPIO nanoparticles simultaneously. Signal reduction induced by LOX 1-targeted USPIOs administration accurately reflects the inflammatory response characteristic of early DN.	It shows good cellular internalization and can detect noninvasively inflammatory renal lesions in early DN.	B. Luo et al^Citation71 Li et al^Citation73
C-Mn3O4 NP	C-Mn3O4	Mitochondria in kidneys	C-Mn3O4 NPs can scavenge intracellular ROS, inhibit apoptotic trigger, prevent loss of antioxidant enzymes to maintain high cell viability by acting as a protector of mitochondria, the master regulator of cellular redox equilibrium.	C-Mn3O4 NPs long-term attenuate renal injury and tubuleintestinal fibrosis showing not any toxicological implications.	A. Adhikari et al^Citation77 Adhikari et al^Citation79
ZnO NPs	ZnO	Kidney	ZnONP decreases the expression of TGF‐β1, collagen IV, and fibronectin and increases the expression of MMP‐9 in the diabetic kidney with low toxicity.	ZnONPs can improve renal function, by inhibiting renal fibrosis, oxidative stress, inflammation, and abnormal angiogenesis and the ameliorating podocyte injury to ameliorate the renal damage.	Alomari et al^Citation85 Cao et al^Citation81
3.2 Nano-Composite Oxides
MET-HMSN-CeO2 NPs	Cerium oxide and metformin	Kidney	Ceria with surface provide high oxygen storage abilities and can scavenge free radicals via the self-circulation of redox reaction and MET as glucose production inhibitor can inhibit glucose production.	Combined antioxidative with antidiabetic activities, nanoparticle administration can exhibit specially nephroprotective ability without causing major side effects.	Tong et al^Citation91 Schöneborn et al^Citation93
3.3 Nanometals and Nanoalloys
AuNPs	Au	Kidney	AuNPs prevents TNF-α over expression while reduces the renal oxidative stress by increasing the activities of renal SOD and catalase and by reducing the tissue MDA level and can stay in the blood circulation for a longer period of time.	AuNPs prevents the adverse effects of hyperglycemia in renal tissue by preventing the accumulation of ECM proteins and the amelioration of podocyte injury without showing no cytotoxicity in human cells.	Alomari et al^Citation99 Xia et al^Citation101
PPE-AuNP	Au	Kidney	PPE-AuNP suppress the hyperactivation of RAGE-guided NOX-4/p47phox activation and reducing the production of ROS hollowed by the dephosphorylation of MAPK/ NF-κB/STAT3-mediated proinflammatory burden.	PPE-AuNP is economic alternative to alleviate DN by exhibiting endogenous antioxidant response.	K. Manna et al^Citation95 Liu et al^Citation101
AuNP	AuNP	Exosomal urinary miRNAs	Due to adsorption of miRNA probe hybrid on the AuNPs, thus preventing salt-induced aggregation of AuNPs test solution is red While in the presence of non-specific miRNA, only short probe molecules is adsorbed to the AuNPs, test solution is blue.	Its sensitivity is comparable to that of qRT-PCR but cost-effective.	Nossier et al^Citation5 Tan et al^Citation106
Momordica charantia silver nanoparticles	Silver nanoparticles	Kidney	Both negative regulation the PI3K/Akt pathway by down-regulating PTEN gene expression, and inhibition the activation of JAK/STAT signaling by up-regulating SOCS3 expression to alleviate the inflammatory response in DN.	Silver nanoparticles protect kidney through the modulation of different inflammatory signaling pathways and has good antibacterial properties.	Elekofehintdeg et al^Citation110 Kheybari et al^Citation108
AgNPs@PVP and AgNPs@PVA	Silver nanoparticles	Creatinine	The color changes in solutions containing AgNPs@PVP and AgNPs@PVA caused by different concentrations of creatinine, this color change is measured using a designed optical imaging and image-processing system (colorimetric), and the amount of creatinine (quantitatively and qualitatively) is displayed in real time.	Such method is simple to use and much lower cost than that of other creatinine measurement methods.	Elekofehinti et al^Citation112
3.4 Other Inorganic NPs
Quantum Dots		Glomerular mesangial cells	Mesangial cells with high endocytosis activity uptake Quantum Dots.	PEG-coated Qdots preferential enriched in the renal mesangium upon intravenous application set New Paths for future therapeutic applications of drug-loaded nanomaterials for the treatment of kidney-associated diseases like DN.	Pollinger et al^Citation114
Quantum dots	AR antibody and TLR4 antibody		QDs probes Correspondingly combined with AR antibody and TLR4 antibody, and ultraviolet light could simultaneously excited Two colors of QDs, then is imaging in IHC.	Compared with conventional IHC, QD-IHC can save lot of time and explore the various pathogenesis of DN.	Liu et al^Citation117 Xu et al^Citation113
4.Biological nanoparticles
Influenza A virus Nps	Cinaciguat (CCG)	Mesangial sites in the kidney.	NPs active drove CCG to mesangial sites, CCG-carrying NPs is degraded by the endolysosome and cinaciguat (CCG) can specifically bind and activate soluble form of the guanylate cyclase (SGC), then transforms guanosine triphosphate (GTP) to 30.50-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)which down regulation of excessive glomerular fibrosis and hyperproliferation	For same dosing effect, the dose carried by NP is only 10% compared with the free CCG concentration.	Daniel Fleischmann et al^Citation123 Fleischmann et al^Citation124

Abbreviations: SLN, Solid lipid nanoparticle; RH, rhein; PCL-PEI, polycaprolactone-polyethyleneimine; KLPPR, kidney-targeted RH-loaded lipid nanoparticles with a yolk-shell structure composed by PCL-PEI-based cores and KTP-modified lipid layers; ROS, reactive oxygen species; CS, chitosan; PLGA, poly lactic-co-glycolic acid; ChAuNP/PLGA, CS gold NPs functionalized with PLGA; POL-NPs, Polydatin-loaded Chitosan-Nanoparticles; BBR, Berberine; BC, Brij-grafted-CS; PLA, poly (D, L-lactide); PLA-P85-PLA, PLA segments to both ends of a Pluronic P85 copolymer to generate an amphiphilic vesicles; TC, Tinospora cordifolia; TC-PLA NPs, TC-PLA nanoparticles; PEG, polyethylene glycol; USPIO-PEG NPs, ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide PEG-coated NPs; C-Mn₃O₄ NPs, citrate functionalized Mn₃O₄ nanoparticles; HMSN, hollow mesoporous silica nanocomposite; MET, metformin; PPE-AuNP, peel extract–stabilized gold nanoparticle; PVP, Polyvinyl pyrrolidone; PVA, Polyvinyl alcohol; AgNPs@PVP, PVP-coated silver nanoparticles; AgNPs@PVA, PVA-coated silver nanoparticles; PPE-AuNP, peel extract–stabilized gold nanoparticle; QDs, quantum dots; AR, Aldose reductase; TLR4, Toll-like receptor 4; sGC, soluble form of guanylate cyclase; GTP, guanosine triphosphate; cGMP, cyclic guanosine monophosphate; CCG, cinaciguat; IHC, immunohistochemistry.

Figure 1 Generalized map of kidney-targeted drug transport based on KLPPR lipid nanoparticles.

Notes: (A). KLPPR composed of a negatively charged KTP-modified lipid layer and a positively charged rhein -loaded polycaprolactone-polyethyleneimine nanocore by electrostatic interaction. (B) Application of the two-step nanoscale cascade concept: (1) control the size of KLPPR in the range of 30–80 nm to ensure transport across the glomerular filtration membrane to the kidney; (2) KTP-modified membrane fusion promotes uptake and internalization by renal cells and increases the renal retention of KLPPR. Reproduced from Wang G, Li Q, Chen D et al, Kidney-targeted rhein-loaded liponanoparticles for diabetic nephropathy therapy via size control and enhancement of renal cellular uptake. Theranostics. 2019;9(21):6191–6208⁴.

Abbreviations: KTP, kidney-targeting peptide; KLPPR, kidney-targeted RH-loaded liponano particles with a yolk-shell structure composed by PCL-PEI-based cores and KTP-modified lipid layers.

Figure 2 Schematic diagram of the pathway by which C-Mn₃O₄ NPs maintain redox homeostasis by counteracting H₂O₂ distress.

Notes: Adapted from Adhikari A, Mondal S, Chatterjee T et al, Redox nanomedicine ameliorates chronic kidney disease (CKD) by mitochondrial reconditioning in mice. Commun Biol. 2021;4(1): Article 1013⁷⁷.

Abbreviation: C- Mn₃O₄ NPs, citrate functionalized Mn₃O₄ nanoparticles.

Figure 3 The diagram illustrates the possible potential pathways of action of PPE-AuNP in reversing STZ-induced DN.

Notes: Reproduced from Manna K, Mishra S, Saha M et al. Amelioration of diabetic nephropathy using pomegranate peel extract-stabilized gold nanoparticles: assessment of NF-kappaB and Nrf2 signaling system. Int J Nanomedicine. 2019;14:1753–1777⁹⁵.

Abbreviations: AuNP, gold nanoparticle; PPE, pomegranate peel extract; STZ, streptozotocin; DN, Diabetic nephropathy.

Figure 4 Schematic diagram of treatment principle. Nanoparticle (NP)-assisted cinaciguat (CCG) delivery to intracellular Apo-/Fe3+-sGC of target mesangial cells.

Notes: After a sequential and thereby highly cell-selective mesangial NP uptake, CCG is released into the cytosol due to endolysosomal degradation of the NP. Here, CCG binds and thus activates both oxidized and heme-free sGC, leading to an increased production of 30.50-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and a protein kinase 1 α (PKG1-α) mediated inhibition of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)-induced pathological remodeling. Adapted from Fleischmann D, Harloff M, Figueroa SM, Schlossmann J, Goepferich A. Targeted Delivery of Soluble Guanylate Cyclase (sGC) Activator Cinaciguat to Renal Mesangial Cells via Virus-Mimetic Nanoparticles Potentiates Anti-Fibrotic Effects by cGMP-Mediated Suppression of the TGF-beta Pathway. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(5):2557¹²⁴.

Abbreviation: sGC, the soluble form of guanylate cyclase.

Ahangarpour A, Oroojan AA, Khorsandi L, et al. Antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and protective effects of myricitrin and its solid lipid nanoparticle on streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetic male mice. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2019;22(12):1424–1431. doi:10.22038/IJBMS.2019.13989

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Chen W, Feng L, Shen Y, et al. Myricitrin inhibits acrylamide-mediated cytotoxicity in human Caco-2 cells by preventing oxidative stress. Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:724183. doi:10.1155/2013/724183

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Wang G, Li Q, Chen D, et al. Kidney-targeted rhein-loaded liponanoparticles for diabetic nephropathy therapy via size control and enhancement of renal cellular uptake. Theranostics. 2019;9(21):6191–6208. doi:10.7150/thno.37538

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Ghorbani A, Amiri MS, Hosseini A. Pharmacological properties of Rheum turkestanicum Janisch. Heliyon. 2019;5(6):e01986. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01986

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Li P, Bukhari SNA, Khan T, et al. apigenin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticle attenuates diabetic nephropathy induced by streptozotocin nicotinamide through Nrf2/HO-1/NF-kB signalling pathway. Int J Nanomedicine. 2020;15:9115–9124. doi:10.2147/IJN.S256494

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Wu W, Zu Y, Wang L, et al. Preparation, characterization and antitumor activity evaluation of apigenin nanoparticles by the liquid antisolvent precipitation technique. Drug Deliv. 2017;24(1):1713–1720. doi:10.1080/10717544.2017.1399302

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Ghavimishamekh A, Ziamajidi N, Dehghan A, et al. Study of insulin-loaded chitosan nanoparticle effects on TGF-beta1 and fibronectin expression in kidney tissue of type 1 diabetic rats. Indian J Clin Biochem. 2019;34(4):418–426. doi:10.1007/s12291-018-0771-9

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Li Z, Li X, Cao Z, et al. Camptothecin nanocolloids based on N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan: efficient suppression of growth of multiple myeloma in a murine model. Oncol Rep. 2012;27(4):1035–1040. doi:10.3892/or.2012.1635

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Asal HA, Shoueir KR, El-Hagrasy MA, et al. Controlled synthesis of in-situ gold nanoparticles onto chitosan functionalized PLGA nanoparticles for oral insulin delivery. Int J Biol Macromol. 2022;209:2188–2196. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.200

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Khan N, Bharali DJ, Adhami VM, et al. Oral administration of naturally occurring chitosan-based nanoformulated green tea polyphenol EGCG effectively inhibits prostate cancer cell growth in a xenograft model. Carcinogenesis. 2014;35(2):415–423. doi:10.1093/carcin/bgt321

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Abd El-Hameed AM. Polydatin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles ameliorates early diabetic nephropathy by attenuating oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2020;19(2):1599–1607. doi:10.1007/s40200-020-00699-7

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Latos-Brozio M, Masek A. The application of (+)-catechin and polydatin as functional additives for biodegradable polyesters. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(2):414.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Xiong W, Xiong SH, Chen QL, et al. Brij-functionalized chitosan nanocarrier system enhances the intestinal permeability of P-glycoprotein substrate-like drugs. Carbohydr Polym. 2021;266:118112. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118112

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Yu M, Alimujiang M, Hu L, et al. Berberine alleviates lipid metabolism disorders via inhibition of mitochondrial complex I in gut and liver. Int J Biol Sci. 2021;17(7):1693–1707. doi:10.7150/ijbs.54604

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Xiong XY, Li QH, Li YP, et al. Pluronic P85/poly(lactic acid) vesicles as novel carrier for oral insulin delivery. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2013;111:282–288. doi:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.06.019

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Mohamed EA, Zhao Y, Meshali MM, et al. Vorinostat with sustained exposure and high solubility in poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(DL-lactic acid) micelle nanocarriers: characterization and effects on pharmacokinetics in rat serum and urine. J Pharm Sci. 2012;101(10):3787–3798. doi:10.1002/jps.23265

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Ambalavanan R, John AD, Selvaraj AD. Nephroprotective role of nanoencapsulated Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) using polylactic acid nanoparticles in streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy rats. IET Nanobiotechnol. 2021;15(4):411–417. doi:10.1049/nbt2.12030

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Alajmi MF, Mothana RA, Al-Rehaily AJ, et al. Antimycobacterial activity and safety profile assessment of alpinia galanga and tinospora cordifolia. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2018;2018:2934583. doi:10.1155/2018/2934583

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Luo B, Wen S, Chen Y-C, et al. LOX-1-targeted iron oxide nanoparticles detect early diabetic nephropathy in db/db mice. Mol Imaging Biol. 2015;17(5):652–660. doi:10.1007/s11307-015-0829-5

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

An L, Tao Q, Wu Y, et al. Synthesis of SPIO nanoparticles and the subsequent applications in stem cell labeling for parkinson’s disease. Nanoscale Res Lett. 2021;16(1):107. doi:10.1186/s11671-021-03540-z

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Adhikari A, Mondal S, Chatterjee T, et al. Redox nanomedicine ameliorates chronic kidney disease (CKD) by mitochondrial reconditioning in mice. Commun Biol. 2021;4(1):1013. doi:10.1038/s42003-021-02546-8

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Adhikari A, Polley N, Darbar S, et al. Citrate functionalized Mn(3)O(4) in nanotherapy of hepatic fibrosis by oral administration. Future Sci OA. 2016;2(4):Fso146. doi:10.4155/fsoa-2016-0029

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Alomari G, Al‐Trad B, Hamdan S, et al. Alleviation of diabetic nephropathy by zinc oxide nanoparticles in streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes in rats. IET Nanobiotechnol. 2021;15(5):473–483. doi:10.1049/nbt2.12026

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Cao L, Kiely J, Piano M, et al. Facile and inexpensive fabrication of zinc oxide based bio-surfaces for C-reactive protein detection. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):12687. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-30793-z

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Tong Y, Zhang L, Gong R, et al. A ROS-scavenging multifunctional nanoparticle for combinational therapy of diabetic nephropathy. Nanoscale. 2020;12(46):23607–23619. doi:10.1039/D0NR06098D

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Schoneborn M, Harmening T, Giménez-Mañogil J, et al. Improved NOx storage/release properties of ceria-based lean NOx trap compositions with MnOx modification. Materials. 2019;12(13):2127. doi:10.3390/ma12132127

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Alomari G, Al-Trad B, Hamdan S, et al. Gold nanoparticles attenuate albuminuria by inhibiting podocyte injury in a rat model of diabetic nephropathy. Drug Deliv Transl Res. 2020;10(1):216–226. doi:10.1007/s13346-019-00675-6

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Xia Q, Huang J, Feng Q, et al. Size- and cell type-dependent cellular uptake, cytotoxicity and in vivo distribution of gold nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine. 2019;14:6957–6970. doi:10.2147/IJN.S214008

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Manna K, Mishra S, Saha M, et al. Amelioration of diabetic nephropathy using pomegranate peel extract-stabilized gold nanoparticles: assessment of NF-κB and Nrf2 signaling system. Int J Nanomedicine. 2019;14:1753–1777. doi:10.2147/IJN.S176013

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Nossier AI, Shehata NI, Morsy SM, et al. Determination of certain urinary microRNAs as promising biomarkers in diabetic nephropathy patients using gold nanoparticles. Anal Biochem. 2020;609:113967. doi:10.1016/j.ab.2020.113967

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Jiang Y, Shi M, Liu Y, et al. Aptamer/AuNP biosensor for colorimetric profiling of exosomal proteins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2017;56(39):11916–11920. doi:10.1002/anie.201703807

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Elekofehinti OO, Oyedokun VO, Iwaloye O, et al. Momordica charantia silver nanoparticles modulate SOCS/JAK/STAT and P13K/Akt/PTEN signalling pathways in the kidney of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2021;20(1):245–260. doi:10.1007/s40200-021-00739-w

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Kheybari S, Samadi N, Hosseini SV, et al. Synthesis and antimicrobial effects of silver nanoparticles produced by chemical reduction method. Daru. 2010;18(3):168–172.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Narimani R, Azizi M, Esmaeili M, et al. An optimal method for measuring biomarkers: colorimetric optical image processing for determination of creatinine concentration using silver nanoparticles. Biotech. 2020;10(10):416. doi:10.1007/s13205-020-02405-z

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Pollinger K, Hennig R, Bauer S, et al. Biodistribution of quantum dots in the kidney after intravenous injection. J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2014;14(5):3313–3319. doi:10.1166/jnn.2014.8716

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Liu X, Hu R, Lian H, et al. Dual-color immunofluorescent labeling with quantum dots of the diabetes-associated proteins aldose reductase and Toll-like receptor 4 in the kidneys of diabetic rats. Int J Nanomedicine. 2015;10:3651–3662. doi:10.2147/IJN.S81395

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Xu YM, Tan HW, Zheng W, et al. Cadmium telluride quantum dot-exposed human bronchial epithelial cells: a further study of the cellular response by proteomics. Toxicol Res. 2019;8(6):994–1001. doi:10.1039/c9tx00126c

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Maslanka Figueroa S, Fleischmann D, Beck S, et al. Nanoparticles mimicking viral cell recognition strategies are superior transporters into mesangial cells. Adv Sci. 2020;7(11):1903204. doi:10.1002/advs.201903204

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Fleischmann D, Harloff M, Maslanka Figueroa S, et al. Targeted delivery of Soluble Guanylate Cyclase (sGC) activator cinaciguat to renal mesangial cells via virus-mimetic nanoparticles potentiates anti-fibrotic effects by cGMP-mediated suppression of the TGF-beta pathway. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(5):2557. doi:10.3390/ijms22052557

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar