Iron Metabolism Markers and Lower Extremity Arterial Disease in People with Type 2 Diabetes

Figures & data

Table 1 Basic Characteristics Between Two Group (Mean ± SD)

	Total	Non-LEAD	LEAD	P
Number of cases	315	119	196
Sex (male/female)	200/115	82/37	118/78	0.12
Smoking history, n (%)	136 (43.17)	40 (33.61)	96 (48.98.)	0.008
History of hypertension, n (%)	147 (46.67)	21 (17.65)	152 (77.55)	<0.001
History of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease, n (%)	123 (39.05)	10 (8.40)	113 (57.65)	<0.001
Diabetic retinopathy, n (%)	88 (27.94)	23 (19.33)	65 (33.16)	0.008
Duration of diabetes mellitus (years)	7.81 ± 7.23	3.78 ± 1.92	8.43 ± 6.47	<0.001
Age (years)	57.63 ± 12.073	48.85 ± 10.92	62.92 ± 9.32	<0.001
BMI (kg/m^2)	24.57 ± 4.36	23.91 ± 4.86	24.37 ± 4.03	0.290

Abbreviation: BMI, body mass index.

Table 2 Comparison of Laboratory and Iron Metabolism Indexes Between the Two Groups (Mean ± SD)

	Total	Non-LEAD	LEAD	P
Number of cases	315	119	196
WBC (10^9/L)	6.48 ± 1.59	6.47 ± 1.70	6.49 ± 1.53	0.932
SBP (mmHg)	136 ± 18	131 ± 16	138 ± 18	0.001
DBP (mmHg)	80 ± 11	82 ± 12	79 ± 10	0.017
TG (mmol/L)	1.74 ± 1.16	1.88 ± 1.27	1.66 ± 1.08	0.106
TC (mmol/L)	4.93 ± 1.26	5.17 ± 1.33	4.78 ± 1.19	0.008
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.11 ± 0.26	1.09 ± 0.25	1.12 ± 0.27	0.363
LDL-C (mmol/L)	3.20 ± 0.90	3.33 ± 0.89	3.12 ± 0.89	0.045
Hb (g/L)	136.35 ± 15.66	139.57 ± 14.34	134.39 ± 16.13	0.004
HbA1c (%)	10.15 ± 2.31	10.17 ± 2.32	10.13 ± 2.32	0.887
hs-CRP (mg/L)	2.34 (0.50, 3.20)	2.32 (0.40, 3.30)	2.34 (0.62, 2.90)	0.809
Fe (µmol/L)	12.61 ± 4.88	12.08 ± 4.52	12.93 ± 5.07	0.138
SF (ng/mL)	57.89 ± 22.80	59.03 ± 21.78	57.19 ± 23.43	0.489
TIBC (µmol/L)	63.57 ± 16.07	64.07 ± 13.76	63.26 ± 17.35	0.668
TS (%)	20.76 ± 9.22	19.58 ± 8.23	21.47 ± 9.72	0.078
Hepcidin (ng/mL)	17.76 ± 8.44	15.44 ± 7.55	19.17 ± 8.66	<0.001

Abbreviations: SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TG, triglycerides; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; WBC, white blood cell; Hb, hemoglobin; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; hs-CRP, hypersensitive C-reactive protein; Fe, serum iron; SF, ferritin; TIBC, total iron binding capacity; TS, transferrin saturation.

Table 3 Correlation Between Iron Metabolism and ABI

Index	r	p
Fe (µmol/L)/ABI	−0.156	0.006
SF (ng/mL)/ABI	−0.021	0.712
TIBC (µmol/L)/ABI	0.103	0.069
TS (%)/ABI	−0.183	0.001
Hepcidin (ng/mL)/ABI	−0.349	<0.001

Abbreviations: ABI, ankle-brachial index; Fe, serum iron; SF, ferritin; TIBC, total iron binding capacity; TS, transferrin saturation.

Table 4 Logistic Regression Analysis of Risk Factors for LEAD in Patients with T2DM

Variables	B	S.E	Wald	OR	p	95% CI
History of smoking	1.500	0.559	7.208	4.482	0.007	1.499–13.406
History of hypertension	1.339	0.477	7.894	3.815	0.005	1.499–9.710
History of cardiovascular disease	2.392	0.684	12.209	10.930	<0.001	2.858–41.806
Duration of diabetes	0.260	0.084	9.560	1.297	0.002	1.100–1.530
Age	0.057	0.024	5.817	1.059	0.016	1.011–1.109
hs-CRP	0.292	0.105	7.682	1.340	0.006	1.089–1.647
HbA1c	0.328	0.099	10.870	1.388	0.001	1.142–1.686
Hepcidin	0.094	0.031	9.175	1.099	0.003	1.033–1.165

Abbreviations: hs-CRP, hypersensitive C-reactive protein; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin.