Association Between Triglyceride-Glucose Index and Serum Uric Acid Levels: A Biochemical Study on Anthropometry in Non-Obese Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients

Figures & data

Table 1 Comparison of the Clinical Parameters of the 4 SUA Groups

SUA Group	Q1 (SUA <247.50 µmol/L)	Q2 (247.50 ≤SUA <296.10 µmol/L)
n	179	180
Age, year	60.00(53.00, 67.00)	60.00(53.00, 68.00)
Male, n/%	79/44.13	101/56.11
SBP, mmHg	131.00(119.00, 143.00)	134.00(122.00, 147.00)
DBP, mmHg	79.00(73.00, 87.00)	80.00(73.25, 88.00)
BMI, kg/m^2	24.22(22.48, 25.82)	24.45(22.66, 26.22)
Duration, year	8.00(3.00, 15.00)	10.00(3.25, 16.00)
TP, g/L	68.20(63.20, 72.60)	68.45(64.23, 72.80)
ALB, g/L	41.50(38.70, 43.80)	42.10(39.60, 44.20)
ALT, U/L	16.70(13.50, 21.90)	17.20(13.43, 22.60)
AST, U/L	18.50(14.90, 21.30)	18.50(15.90, 22.43)
BUN, mmol/L	5.30(4.38, 6.35)	5.31(4.40, 6.30)
Scr, μmol/L	58.20(50.60, 67.90)	63.30(55.70, 73.35)
SUA, μmol/L	212.40(188.40, 233.40)	273.85(261.23, 284.95)
eGFR, mL/min/1.73m^2	97.80(92.28, 107.08)	96.74(89.48, 104.68)
TC, mmol/L	4.84(4.18, 5.56)	4.71(3.97, 5.62)
TG, mmol/L	1.14(0.82, 1.61)	1.34(0.91, 1.86)
HDL, mmol/L	1.18(1.00, 1.38)	1.16(0.97, 1.31)
LDL, mmol/L	3.11(2.63, 3.73)	3.12(2.44, 3.83)
25(OH)D, ng/mL	17.29(13.30, 23.59)	18.79(14.21, 23.95)
HbA1c,%	9.10(7.50, 11.00)	8.70(7.43, 10.70)
FPG, mmol/L	8.66(6.70, 12.31)	8.35(6.62, 11.33)
HOMA-IR	2.75(1.42, 4.42)	2.44(1.34, 4.96)
HOMA-β	24.18(10.23, 50.17)	28.81(13.33, 56.56)
TyG	7.42(6.74, 7.99)	7.56(7.07, 8.02)
TG/HDL	1.01(0.67, 1.43)	1.19(0.72, 1.69)
Fatty liver, n/%	76/42.46	95/52.78
SUA group	Q3 (296.10≤ SUA < 350.80 µmol/L)	Q4 (SUA ≥350.80 µmol/L)
n	180	180
Age, year	56.00(48.25, 66.75)	56.00(46.25, 64.00)**,^a,b
Male, n/%	122/67.78	134/74.44**,^a,b
SBP, mmHg	133.00(120.00, 146.75)	132.00(123.00, 150.00)
DBP, mmHg	80.00(74.00, 89.75)	82.00(75.00, 89.75)
BMI, kg/m^2	24.92(23.15, 26.66)	25.60(23.87, 26.78)**,^a,b
Duration, year	8.00(2.25, 15.00)	9.00(3.00, 14.75)
TP, g/L	68.80(64.05, 73.90)	70.10(65.00, 74.38)
ALB, g/L	42.20(40.20, 44.60)	42.75(40.41, 44.98)*^a
ALT, U/L	18.65(13.73, 24.80)	19.00(14.05, 29.85)*^a
AST, U/L	18.80(15.75, 22.90)	20.80(16.23, 25.40)*,^a,b
BUN, mmol/L	5.22(4.50, 6.50)	5.90(4.90, 7.08)**,^a,b,c
Scr, μmol/L	67.55(58.63, 75.58)	73.00(62.43, 85.25)**,^a,b,c
SUA, μmol/L	319.20(308.15, 335.00)	398.25(374.90, 444.70)**,^a,b,c
eGFR, mL/min/1.73m^2	98.35(88.50, 107.73)	95.18(80.75, 107.56)
TC, mmol/L	4.85(4.00, 5.45)	4.84(3.98, 5.76)
TG, mmol/L	1.45(1.02, 2.26)	1.78(1.23, 2.86)**,^a,b,c
HDL, mmol/L	1.08(0.94, 1.30)	1.02(0.91, 1.19)**,^a,b
LDL, mmol/L	3.11(2.51, 3.69)	3.06(2.47, 3.75)
25(OH)D, ng/mL	17.86(14.23, 22.32)	17.98(14.21, 12.12)
HbA1c,%	8.35(7.10, 10.20)	8.40(7.10, 9.90)*^a
FPG, mmol/L	7.80(6.16, 9.84)	7.74(6.47, 10.18)*
HOMA-IR	2.80(1.86, 5.13)	3.20(1.86, 5.43)
HOMA-β	37.96(21.25, 72.20)	34.30(20.22, 66.50)**^a
TyG	7.53(7.08, 8.01)	7.83(7.24, 8.37)**,^a,b,c
TG/HDL	1.38(0.90, 2.33)	1.72(1.19, 1.89)**,^a,b,c
Fatty liver, n/%	110/61.11	120/66.67**,^a,b

Notes: n, the number of patients in the SUA subgroups; *P < 0.05 among the SUA subgroups; **P < 0.01 among the SUA subgroups; ^a,b,cRepresent statistically significant differences among Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4 groups, respectively.

Abbreviations: SUA, serum uric acid; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; BMI, body mass index; TP, total protein; ALB, albumin; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; Scr, serum creatinine; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; 25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-β, homeostasis model assessment of beta-cell function; TyG, triglyceride-glucose index.

Figure 1 Comparison of TyG and HOMA-IR between male and female patients. (A) Comparison of TyG between male and female patients; (B) Comparison of HOMA-IR between male and female patients. *P < 0.05.

Figure 2 Comparison of SUA between FL subgroups and BMI subgroups. (A) Comparison of SUA between NFL group and FL group; (B) Comparison of SUA between non-overweight group and overweight group. **P < 0.01.

Table 2 Correlation Between the SUA and Other Factors

Variables	r	Variables	r
Age, year	−0.155**	TC, mmol/L	0.016
SBP, mmHg	0.041	TG, mmol/L	0.310**
DBP, mmHg	0.081*	HDL, mmol/L	−0.216**
BMI, kg/m^2	0.188**	LDL, mmol/L	−0.008
Duration, year	0.005	25(OH)D, ng/mL	0.027
TP, g/L	0.103*	HbA1c,%	−0.142**
ALB, g/L	0.139**	FPG, mmol/L	−0.090*
ALT, U/L	0.105*	HOMA-IR	0.161*
AST, U/L	0.142**	HOMA-β	0.183*
BUN, mmol/L	0.133**	TyG	0.176**
Scr, μmol/L	0.339**	TG/HDL	0.337**
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m^2	−0.069

Note: *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01.

Abbreviations: SUA, serum uric acid; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; BMI, body mass index; TP, total protein; ALB, albumin; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; Scr, serum creatinine; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; 25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-β, homeostasis model assessment of beta-cell function; TyG, triglyceride-glucose index.

Table 3 Logistic Regression Analysis of TyG and HUA

Model	OR	Lower Limit	Upper Limit	P
Model1	1.674	1.291	2.170	0.000
Model2	1.718	1.302	2.267	0.000
Model3	2.427	1.134	5.195	0.022

Notes: Model 1 was a rough model. Model 2 was adjusted for age and gender. Model 3 was further adjusted for BMI, ALB, ALT, AST, BUN, Scr, TG, HDL, FPG, HbA1c, and fatty liver on the basis of Model 2.

Abbreviations: TyG, triglyceride-glucose index; HUA, hyperuricemia; BMI, body mass index; ALB, albumin; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; Scr, serum creatinine; TG, triglyceride; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; FPG, fasting plasma glucose.

Table 4 The Diagnostic Value of TyG and HOMA-IR for HUA in Non-Obese Patients with T2DM

	AUROC	95% CI	P	Cut-Off
TyG	0.613	0.547–0.680	0.001	7.880
HOMA-IR	0.574	0.502–0.646	0.064	2.880
	Sensitivity	Specificity	Youden Index
TyG	0.552	0.676	0.228
HOMA-IR	0.627	0.523	0.150

Abbreviations: TyG, triglyceride-glucose index; HOMA-IR, homeostasis assessment of insulin resistance.

Figure 3 ROC curve of TyG and HOMA-IR in predicting HUA in non-obese patients with T2DM. (A) ROC curve of TyG in predicting HUA; (B) ROC curve of HOMA-IR in predicting HUA.