The Impact of Insulin Staging in the Context of Pharmaceutical Care on Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Figures & data

Figure 1 Pharmaceutical care process.

Figure 2 Insulin staging.

Abbreviations: R, short acting; RA, rapid Acting; N, intermediate acting; LA, long acting.

Table 1 Characteristics of Study Population

Parameter	Non - Intervention Group (No. = 36)	Intervention Group (No. = 31)	P value
Gender (Male,%)	9, 25%	9, 29%	0.7155
	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD
Age	56.61 ± 8.36	58.19 ± 7.19	0.4133
Breastfeeding	0.083 ± 0.28	0	0.1031
Lean body mass^a	45.95 ± 8.47	48.09 ± 8.60	0.3094
Height	157.3 ± 8.943	160.1 ± 15.16	0.3552
Tobacco use	0.08333 ± 0.280	0.06452 ± 0.249	0.7742
Medication allergies	0.08 ± 0.28	0.16 ± 0.37	0.3339
Adverse reaction to medication	0.19 ± 0.4	0.06 ± 0.24	0.1236

Note: ^aBoer Formula was used to calculate lean body mass.

Figure 3 DTPs among intervention group 1st visit.

Abbreviation: DTP, drug therapy problem.

Figure 4 DTPs among intervention group 2nd visit.

Abbreviation: DTP, drug therapy problem.

Figure 5 DTPs among intervention group 3rd visit.

Abbreviation: DTP, drug therapy problem.

Figure 6 DTPs among non-intervention group 1st visit.

Abbreviation: DTP, drug therapy problem.

Figure 7 DTPs among non-intervention group 2nd visit.

Figure 8 DTPs among non-intervention group 3rd visit.

Abbreviation: DTP, drug therapy problem.

Figure 9 DTP change in intervention and non-intervention group.

Abbreviation: DTP, drug therapy problem.

Table 2 Change in Body Mass Index (BMI) Over 6 Months

Groups	Visit 1 (Mean ± SD^a)	Visit 2 (Mean ± SD)	Visit 3 (Mean ± SD)	P value
Non-intervention	29.97 ± 5.111	29.71 ± 4.752	29.53 ± 4.733	0.1613
Intervention	31.17 ± 15.75	31.00 ± 15.57	31.07 ± 15.70	0.8052

Abbreviation: ^aSD, standard deviation.

Figure 10 Changes in HbA1c among the intervention group.

Abbreviation: HbA₁c, glycated hemoglobin.

Figure 11 FPG changes among the intervention group.

Abbreviation: FPG, fasting plasma glucose.

Figure 12 Changes in HbA1c among the non-intervention group.

Abbreviation: HbA₁c, glycated hemoglobin.

Figure 13 FPG changes among the non-intervention group.

Abbreviation: FPG, fasting plasma glucose.

Figure 14 Lipid profile in intervention and non-intervention group.

Abbreviations: s.cholesterol, serum cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; ns, non-significance.

Table 3 Number of DTPs at First Visit

Groups	Non-Intervention (Mean ± SD^a)	Intervention
Average DTPs^b	4.10 ± 1.6	5.31 ± 1.8
Average DTPs in both groups		4.67± 1.78

Abbreviations: ^aSD, standard deviation; ^bDTPs, drug therapy problems.