Diagnostic Accuracy of Capillary Blood Glucometer Testing for Gestational Diabetes

Figures & data

Table 1 Participant Demographic and Background Characteristics

Characteristic	GDM Group (n=133)	Non-GDM Group (n=814)	p-value
Age category, years
≤20	16 (12.0)	190 (23.4)	0.0001
20.1–25	27 (20.3)	230 (28.3)
25.1–34.9	70 (52.6)	330 (40.6)
>35	20 (15.1)	63 (7.8)
Pregestational BMI, kg/m^2
≤25	1 (0.8)	46 (5.8)	0.0001
25.1–30	42 (32.0)	395 (50.0)
30.1–35	53 (40.5)	239 (30.2)
>35	35 (26.7)	111 (14)
Parity
Primiparity	63 (47.4)	407 (50.0)	0.574
Multiparity	70 (52.6)	407 (50.0)
Education
Elementary school or lower	51 (38.4)	352 (43.6)	0.494
High school/technical trainee	54 (41.6)	308 (38.2)
Bachelor degree or higher	28 (21.0)	147 (18.2)
Family history of diabetes	55 (41.3)	210 (26.0)	0.0001
Capillary casual glucose at enrollment, mg/dL	101.6±28.8	93.0±17.4	0.019
OGTT measurement (gold standard), mg/dL
Fasting BG	93.1±10.1	77.7±6.7	0.0001
1-h BG	169±41	115.6±27.8	0.0001
2-h BG	140.9±36.8	100.8±19.4	0.0001
OGTT capillary measurement, mg/dL
Fasting BG	98.8±11.2	87.5±7.2	0.0001
1-h BG	176.8±38.4	138.9±28	0.0001
2-h BG	148.8±34	121.1±19.8	0.0001

Notes: Data are presented as n (%) or mean ± standard deviation. Chi-square test was used to evaluate qualitative variables; Student’s t-test was used to evaluate continuous variables.

Abbreviations: BG, blood glucose; BMI, body mass index; CBG, capillary blood glucometer; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test.

Table 2 Area Under the ROC Curve, Sensitivity, and Specificity of Capillary Blood Glucose Measurements with Respect to the Gold Standard (Venous Plasma Glucose Measurements)

N=947	Area Under the ROC Curve (95% CI)	Sensitivity	Specificity
Capillary OGTT	0.78 (0.74–0.81)	89.47%	66.58%
Capillary OGTT by measurement:
Fasting	0.78 (0.74–0.82)	85.23%	71.59%
1-h	0.92 (0.88–0.96)	91.53%	93.24%
2-h	0.91 (0.87–0.95)	89.80%	93.32%

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; ROC, receiver operating characteristic.

Table 3 Sensitivity and Specificity of Different Cutoff Points from the Fasting Capillary Blood Glucose Test

Cutpoint (mg/dL*)	Sensitivity	Specificity	Correctly Classified	LR+	LR−	Youden’s J Statistic
(≥62)	100%	0.00%	9.29%	1.00		0.00
(≥65)	100%	0.12%	9.40%	1.00	0.00	0.00
(≥68)	100%	0.23%	9.50%	1.00	0.00	0.00
(≥70)	100%	0.35%	9.61%	1.00	0.00	0.00
(≥71)	100%	0.58%	9.82%	1.01	0.00	0.01
(≥73)	100%	0.81%	10.03%	1.01	0.00	0.01
(≥74)	100%	1.51%	10.67%	1.02	0.00	0.02
(≥75)	100%	2.33%	11.40%	1.02	0.00	0.02
(≥76)	100%	3.14%	12.14%	1.03	0.00	0.03
(≥77)	100%	3.96%	12.88%	1.04	0.00	0.04
(≥78)	100%	5.36%	14.15%	1.06	0.00	0.05
(≥79)	100%	7.10%	15.73%	1.08	0.00	0.07
(≥80)	100%	10.71%	19.01%	1.12	0.00	0.11
(≥81)	100%	14.55%	22.49%	1.17	0.00	0.15
(≥82)	100%	19.32%	26.82%	1.24	0.00	0.19
(≥83)	100%	24.21%	31.26%	1.32	0.00	0.24
(≥84)	100%	28.75%	35.37%	1.40	0.00	0.29
(≥85)	100%	33.88%	40.02%	1.51	0.00	0.34
(≥86)	98.86%	40.16%	45.62%	1.65	0.03	0.39
(≥87)	98.86%	46.68%	51.53%	1.85	0.02	0.46
(≥88)	97.73%	52.27%	56.49%	2.05	0.04	0.50
(≥89)	94.32%	57.39%	60.82%	2.21	0.10	0.52
(≥90)	90.91%	62.63%	65.26%	2.43	0.15	0.54
(≥91)	88.64%	67.29%	69.27%	2.71	0.17	0.56
(≥92)	85.23%	71.59%	72.86%	3.00	0.21	0.57
(≥93)	84.09%	76.48%	77.19%	3.58	0.21	0.61
(≥94)	80.68%	80.68%	80.68%	4.18	0.24	0.61
(≥95)	76.14%	83.24%	82.58%	4.54	0.29	0.59
(≥96)	70.45%	85.10%	83.74%	4.73	0.35	0.56
(≥97)	68.18%	87.89%	86.06%	5.63	0.36	0.56
(≥98)	62.50%	90.57%	87.96%	6.63	0.41	0.53
(≥99)	57.95%	92.55%	89.33%	7.78	0.45	0.51
(≥100)	54.55%	94.18%	90.50%	9.37	0.48	0.49
(≥101)	53.41%	95.81%	91.87%	12.74	0.49	0.49
(≥102)	46.59%	96.97%	92.29%	15.39	0.55	0.44
(≥103)	45.45%	97.79%	92.93%	20.55	0.56	0.43
(≥104)	39.77%	98.25%	92.82%	22.78	0.61	0.38
(≥105)	35.23%	98.37%	92.50%	21.61	0.66	0.34
(≥106)	32.95%	98.72%	92.61%	25.73	0.68	0.32
(≥107)	28.41%	98.95%	92.40%	27.11	0.72	0.27
(≥108)	28.41%	99.07%	92.50%	30.50	0.72	0.27
(≥109)	26.14%	99.19%	92.40%	32.07	0.74	0.25
(≥110)	22.73%	99.30%	92.19%	32.54	0.78	0.22
(≥111)	21.59%	99.53%	92.29%	46.37	0.79	0.21
(≥112)	18.18%	99.53%	91.97%	39.05	0.82	0.18
(≥114)	13.64%	99.65%	91.66%	39.05	0.87	0.13
(≥115)	13.64%	99.77%	91.76%	58.57	0.87	0.13
(≥118)	11.36%	99.88%	91.66%	97.61	0.89	0.11
(≥119)	10.23%	99.88%	91.55%	87.85	0.90	0.10
(≥120)	9.09%	100%	91.55%	–	0.91	0.09
(≥123)	6.82%	100%	91.34%	–	0.93	0.07
(≥124)	5.68%	100%	91.24%	–	0.94	0.06
(≥129)	4.55%	100%	91.13%	–	0.95	0.05
(≥130)	2.27%	100%	90.92%	–	0.98	0.02
(≥144)	1.14%	100%	90.81%	–	0.99	0.01
(>144)	0.00%	100%	90.71%	–	1.00	0.00

Notes: *1 mg/dL equals approximately 0.055 mmol/L. Empirical optimal cutpoint: ≥93.

Abbreviation: LR, likelihood ratio.

Table 4 Sensitivity and Specificity of Different Cutoff Points from the 1-h Capillary Blood Glucose Test

Cutpoint (mg/dL*)	Sensitivity	Specificity	Correctly Classified	LR+	LR−	Youden’s J Statistic
(≥60)	100%	0%	6.23%	1.00	0.00	0.00
(≥67)	100%	0.11%	6.34%	1.00	0.00	0.00
(≥69)	100%	0.23%	6.44%	1.00	0.00	0.00
(≥72)	100%	0.34%	6.55%	1.00	0.00	0.00
(≥74)	100%	0.56%	6.76%	1.01	0.00	0.01
(≥76)	100%	0.68%	6.86%	1.01	0.00	0.01
(≥80)	100%	0.79%	6.97%	1.01	0.00	0.01
(≥81)	100%	0.90%	7.07%	1.01	0.00	0.01
(≥82)	100%	1.24%	7.39%	1.01	0.00	0.01
(≥83)	100%	1.35%	7.50%	1.01	0.00	0.01
(≥85)	100%	1.69%	7.81%	1.02	0.00	0.02
(≥86)	100%	1.80%	7.92%	1.02	0.00	0.02
(≥87)	100%	2.48%	8.55%	1.03	0.00	0.02
(≥88)	100%	2.59%	8.66%	1.03	0.00	0.03
(≥90)	100%	3.15%	9.19%	1.03	0.00	0.03
(≥91)	100%	3.38%	9.40%	1.04	0.00	0.03
(≥92)	100%	3.72%	9.71%	1.04	0.00	0.04
(≥93)	100%	4.05%	10.03%	1.04	0.00	0.04
(≥94)	100%	4.39%	10.35%	1.05	0.00	0.04
(≥95)	100%	4.62%	10.56%	1.05	0.00	0.05
(≥96)	100%	5.18%	11.09%	1.05	0.00	0.05
(≥97)	100%	5.74%	11.62%	1.06	0.00	0.06
(≥98)	100%	6.19%	12.04%	1.07	0.00	0.06
(≥99)	100%	6.87%	12.67%	1.07	0.00	0.07
(≥100)	100%	7.55%	13.31%	1.08	0.00	0.08
(≥101)	100%	8.22%	13.94%	1.09	0.00	0.08
(≥102)	100%	9.01%	14.68%	1.10	0.00	0.09
(≥103)	98.31%	9.80%	15.31%	1.09	0.17	0.08
(≥104)	98.31%	10.36%	15.84%	1.10	0.16	0.09
(≥105)	98.31%	11.15%	16.58%	1.11	0.15	0.09
(≥106)	98.31%	11.94%	17.32%	1.12	0.14	0.10
(≥107)	98.31%	12.61%	17.95%	1.12	0.13	0.11
(≥108)	98.31%	13.29%	18.59%	1.13	0.13	0.12
(≥109)	96.61%	14.30%	19.43%	1.13	0.24	0.11
(≥110)	96.61%	14.53%	19.64%	1.13	0.23	0.11
(≥111)	96.61%	15.43%	20.49%	1.14	0.22	0.12
(≥112)	96.61%	15.99%	21.01%	1.15	0.21	0.13
(≥113)	96.61%	16.67%	21.65%	1.16	0.20	0.13
(≥114)	96.61%	17.57%	22.49%	1.17	0.19	0.14
(≥115)	96.61%	18.69%	23.55%	1.19	0.18	0.15
(≥116)	96.61%	19.93%	24.71%	1.21	0.17	0.17
(≥117)	96.61%	20.50%	25.24%	1.22	0.17	0.17
(≥118)	96.61%	22.07%	26.72%	1.24	0.15	0.19
(≥119)	96.61%	22.86%	27.46%	1.25	0.15	0.19
(≥120)	96.61%	24.55%	29.04%	1.28	0.14	0.21
(≥121)	96.61%	25.34%	29.78%	1.29	0.13	0.22
(≥122)	96.61%	27.03%	31.36%	1.32	0.13	0.24
(≥123)	96.61%	28.27%	32.52%	1.35	0.12	0.25
(≥124)	96.61%	29.17%	33.37%	1.36	0.12	0.26
(≥125)	96.61%	30.29%	34.42%	1.39	0.11	0.27
(≥126)	96.61%	31.19%	35.27%	1.40	0.11	0.28
(≥127)	96.61%	32.21%	36.22%	1.43	0.11	0.29
(≥128)	96.61%	33.90%	37.80%	1.46	0.10	0.31
(≥129)	96.61%	34.91%	38.75%	1.48	0.10	0.32
(≥130)	96.61%	36.37%	40.13%	1.52	0.09	0.33
(≥131)	96.61%	37.73%	41.39%	1.55	0.09	0.34
(≥132)	96.61%	39.19%	42.77%	1.59	0.09	0.36
(≥133)	96.61%	40.09%	43.61%	1.61	0.08	0.37
(≥134)	96.61%	41.22%	44.67%	1.64	0.08	0.38
(≥135)	96.61%	42.91%	46.25%	1.69	0.08	0.40
(≥136)	96.61%	43.81%	47.10%	1.72	0.08	0.40
(≥137)	96.61%	44.82%	48.05%	1.75	0.08	0.41
(≥138)	96.61%	46.73%	49.84%	1.81	0.07	0.43
(≥139)	96.61%	48.31%	51.32%	1.87	0.07	0.45
(≥140)	96.61%	49.21%	52.16%	1.90	0.07	0.46
(≥141)	96.61%	50.68%	53.54%	1.96	0.07	0.47
(≥142)	96.61%	51.13%	53.96%	1.98	0.07	0.48
(≥143)	96.61%	51.91%	54.70%	2.01	0.07	0.49
(≥144)	96.61%	53.27%	55.97%	2.07	0.06	0.50
(≥145)	96.61%	54.84%	57.44%	2.14	0.06	0.51
(≥146)	96.61%	56.31%	58.82%	2.21	0.06	0.53
(≥147)	96.61%	57.43%	59.87%	2.27	0.06	0.54
(≥148)	96.61%	59.35%	61.67%	2.38	0.06	0.56
(≥149)	96.61%	60.81%	63.04%	2.47	0.06	0.57
(≥150)	96.61%	62.84%	64.94%	2.60	0.05	0.59
(≥151)	96.61%	63.96%	66.00%	2.68	0.05	0.61
(≥152)	96.61%	65.32%	67.27%	2.79	0.05	0.62
(≥153)	96.61%	66.67%	68.53%	2.90	0.05	0.63
(≥154)	96.61%	68.02%	69.80%	3.02	0.05	0.65
(≥155)	96.61%	68.47%	70.22%	3.06	0.05	0.65
(≥156)	96.61%	69.59%	71.28%	3.18	0.05	0.66
(≥157)	96.61%	71.73%	73.28%	3.42	0.05	0.68
(≥158)	96.61%	72.86%	74.34%	3.56	0.05	0.69
(≥159)	96.61%	74.10%	75.50%	3.73	0.05	0.71
(≥160)	96.61%	74.77%	76.14%	3.83	0.05	0.71
(≥161)	96.61%	75.68%	76.98%	3.97	0.04	0.72
(≥162)	96.61%	76.91%	78.14%	4.18	0.04	0.74
(≥163)	96.61%	77.82%	78.99%	4.35	0.04	0.74
(≥164)	96.61%	78.72%	79.83%	4.54	0.04	0.75
(≥165)	96.61%	79.95%	80.99%	4.82	0.04	0.77
(≥166)	96.61%	80.97%	81.94%	5.08	0.04	0.78
(≥167)	96.61%	81.87%	82.79%	5.33	0.04	0.78
(≥168)	96.61%	83.56%	84.37%	5.88	0.04	0.80
(≥169)	96.61%	84.46%	85.22%	6.22	0.04	0.81
(≥170)	96.61%	85.02%	85.74%	6.45	0.04	0.82
(≥171)	96.61%	85.70%	86.38%	6.76	0.04	0.82
(≥172)	96.61%	86.94%	87.54%	7.40	0.04	0.84
(≥173)	96.61%	88.29%	88.81%	8.25	0.04	0.85
(≥174)	96.61%	89.19%	89.65%	8.94	0.04	0.86
(≥175)	94.92%	89.98%	90.29%	9.47	0.06	0.85
(≥176)	94.92%	90.54%	90.81%	10.03	0.06	0.85
(≥177)	94.92%	91.44%	91.66%	11.09	0.06	0.86
(≥178)	93.22%	92.23%	92.29%	12.00	0.07	0.85
(≥179)	91.53%	92.68%	92.61%	12.50	0.09	0.84
(≥180)	91.53%	93.24%	93.14%	13.55	0.09	0.85
(≥181)	91.53%	93.69%	93.56%	14.51	0.09	0.85
(≥182)	89.83%	94.03%	93.77%	15.05	0.11	0.84
(≥183)	89.83%	94.26%	93.98%	15.64	0.11	0.84
(≥184)	88.14%	94.48%	94.09%	15.97	0.13	0.83
(≥185)	88.14%	94.71%	94.30%	16.65	0.13	0.83
(≥186)	88.14%	95.27%	94.83%	18.63	0.12	0.83
(≥187)	86.44%	95.72%	95.14%	20.20	0.14	0.82
(≥188)	81.36%	95.95%	95.04%	20.07	0.19	0.77
(≥189)	81.36%	96.06%	95.14%	20.64	0.19	0.77
(≥190)	77.97%	96.40%	95.25%	21.64	0.23	0.74
(≥191)	77.97%	96.96%	95.78%	25.64	0.23	0.75
(≥192)	76.27%	97.18%	95.88%	27.09	0.24	0.73
(≥194)	76.27%	97.52%	96.20%	30.79	0.24	0.74
(≥195)	74.58%	97.64%	96.20%	31.54	0.26	0.72
(≥198)	69.49%	98.09%	96.30%	36.30	0.31	0.68
(≥199)	69.49%	98.31%	96.52%	41.14	0.31	0.68
(≥200)	64.41%	98.31%	96.20%	38.13	0.36	0.63
(≥201)	62.71%	98.31%	96.09%	37.13	0.38	0.61
(≥202)	61.02%	98.42%	96.09%	38.70	0.40	0.59
(≥203)	59.32%	98.54%	96.09%	40.52	0.41	0.58
(≥204)	57.63%	98.54%	95.99%	39.36	0.43	0.56
(≥205)	55.93%	98.76%	96.09%	45.15	0.45	0.55
(≥206)	52.54%	98.76%	95.88%	42.42	0.48	0.51
(≥207)	49.15%	98.99%	95.88%	48.50	0.51	0.48
(≥208)	45.76%	99.10%	95.78%	50.80	0.55	0.45
(≥209)	44.07%	99.32%	95.88%	65.22	0.56	0.43
(≥211)	44.07%	99.44%	95.99%	78.26	0.56	0.44
(≥213)	38.98%	99.55%	95.78%	86.54	0.61	0.39
(≥214)	33.90%	99.55%	95.46%	75.25	0.66	0.33
(≥220)	30.51%	99.55%	95.25%	67.73	0.70	0.30
(≥221)	27.12%	99.55%	95.04%	60.20	0.73	0.27
(≥225)	25.42%	99.55%	94.93%	56.44	0.75	0.25
(≥226)	23.73%	99.55%	94.83%	52.68	0.77	0.23
(≥228)	20.34%	99.66%	94.72%	60.20	0.80	0.20
(≥229)	18.64%	99.66%	94.61%	55.19	0.82	0.18
(≥230)	16.95%	99.66%	94.51%	50.17	0.83	0.17
(≥231)	15.25%	99.66%	94.40%	45.15	0.85	0.15
(≥232)	15.25%	99.77%	94.51%	67.73	0.85	0.15
(≥238)	13.56%	99.89%	94.51%	120.41	0.87	0.13
(≥239)	13.56%	100%	94.61%	–	0.86	0.14
(≥242)	11.86%	100%	94.51%	–	0.88	0.12
(≥248)	10.17%	100%	94.40%	–	0.90	0.10
(≥249)	8.47%	100%	94.30%	–	0.92	0.08
(≥253)	6.78%	100%	94.19%	–	0.93	0.07
(≥263)	5.08%	100%	94.09%	–	0.95	0.05
(≥265)	3.39%	100%	93.98%	–	0.97	0.03
(≥284)	1.69%	100%	93.88%	–	0.98	0.02
(>284)	0%	100%	93.77%	–	1.00	0.00

Note: *1 mg/dL equals approximately 0.055 mmol/L. Empirical optimal cutpoint: ≥174.

Abbreviation: LR, likelihood ratio.

Table 5 Sensitivity and Specificity of Different Cutoff Points from the 2-h Capillary Blood Glucose Test

Cutpoint (mg/dL*)	Sensitivity	Specificity	Correctly Classified	LR+	LR−	Youden’s J Statistic
(≥66)	100%	0%	5.17%	1.00	0.00	0.00
(≥68)	100%	0.11%	5.28%	1.00	0.00	0.00
(≥71)	100%	0.22%	5.39%	1.00	0.00	0.00
(≥73)	100%	0.33%	5.49%	1.00	0.00	0.00
(≥74)	100%	0.67%	5.81%	1.01	0.00	0.01
(≥76)	100%	0.78%	5.91%	1.01	0.00	0.01
(≥77)	100%	0.89%	6.02%	1.01	0.00	0.01
(≥78)	100%	1.11%	6.23%	1.01	0.00	0.01
(≥79)	100%	1.45%	6.55%	1.01	0.00	0.01
(≥80)	100%	1.56%	6.65%	1.02	0.00	0.02
(≥82)	100%	1.78%	6.86%	1.02	0.00	0.02
(≥83)	100%	1.89%	6.97%	1.02	0.00	0.02
(≥85)	100%	2.23%	7.29%	1.02	0.00	0.02
(≥86)	100%	2.67%	7.71%	1.03	0.00	0.03
(≥87)	100%	3.12%	8.13%	1.03	0.00	0.03
(≥88)	100%	3.34%	8.34%	1.03	0.00	0.03
(≥89)	100%	3.45%	8.45%	1.04	0.00	0.03
(≥90)	100%	3.79%	8.76%	1.04	0.00	0.04
(≥91)	100%	4.23%	9.19%	1.04	0.00	0.04
(≥92)	100%	4.79%	9.71%	1.05	0.00	0.05
(≥93)	100%	5.46%	10.35%	1.06	0.00	0.05
(≥94)	100%	6.24%	11.09%	1.07	0.00	0.06
(≥95)	100%	6.57%	11.40%	1.07	0.00	0.07
(≥96)	100%	7.24%	12.04%	1.08	0.00	0.07
(≥97)	100%	7.91%	12.67%	1.09	0.00	0.08
(≥98)	100%	8.80%	13.52%	1.10	0.00	0.09
(≥99)	100%	10.13%	14.78%	1.11	0.00	0.10
(≥100)	100%	11.02%	15.63%	1.12	0.00	0.11
(≥101)	100%	12.03%	16.58%	1.14	0.00	0.12
(≥102)	100%	12.92%	17.42%	1.15	0.00	0.13
(≥103)	100%	14.03%	18.48%	1.16	0.00	0.14
(≥104)	100%	15.03%	19.43%	1.18	0.00	0.15
(≥105)	100%	17.26%	21.54%	1.21	0.00	0.17
(≥106)	100%	19.27%	23.44%	1.24	0.00	0.19
(≥107)	100%	21.05%	25.13%	1.27	0.00	0.21
(≥108)	100%	22.94%	26.93%	1.30	0.00	0.23
(≥109)	100%	24.94%	28.83%	1.33	0.00	0.25
(≥110)	100%	27.39%	31.15%	1.38	0.00	0.27
(≥111)	100%	29.18%	32.84%	1.41	0.00	0.29
(≥112)	100%	31.40%	34.95%	1.46	0.00	0.31
(≥113)	100%	33.07%	36.54%	1.49	0.00	0.33
(≥114)	100%	35.97%	39.28%	1.56	0.00	0.36
(≥115)	100%	37.31%	40.55%	1.60	0.00	0.37
(≥116)	100%	38.75%	41.92%	1.63	0.00	0.39
(≥117)	100%	41.09%	44.14%	1.70	0.00	0.41
(≥118)	100%	43.21%	46.15%	1.76	0.00	0.43
(≥119)	100%	45.55%	48.36%	1.84	0.00	0.46
(≥120)	100%	47.55%	50.26%	1.91	0.00	0.48
(≥121)	100%	49.22%	51.85%	1.97	0.00	0.49
(≥122)	100%	50.45%	53.01%	2.02	0.00	0.50
(≥123)	100%	52.90%	55.33%	2.12	0.00	0.53
(≥124)	100%	55.35%	57.66%	2.24	0.00	0.55
(≥125)	100%	57.91%	60.08%	2.38	0.00	0.58
(≥126)	100%	59.58%	61.67%	2.47	0.00	0.60
(≥127)	100%	61.25%	63.25%	2.58	0.00	0.61
(≥128)	100%	63.25%	65.15%	2.72	0.00	0.63
(≥129)	100%	65.03%	66.84%	2.86	0.00	0.65
(≥130)	100%	66.82%	68.53%	3.01	0.00	0.67
(≥131)	97.96%	69.15%	70.64%	3.18	0.03	0.67
(≥132)	97.96%	70.94%	72.33%	3.37	0.03	0.69
(≥133)	97.96%	72.83%	74.13%	3.61	0.03	0.71
(≥134)	95.92%	74.61%	75.71%	3.78	0.05	0.71
(≥135)	95.92%	76.50%	77.51%	4.08	0.05	0.72
(≥136)	95.92%	77.62%	78.56%	4.29	0.05	0.74
(≥137)	95.92%	78.95%	79.83%	4.56	0.05	0.75
(≥138)	95.92%	80.51%	81.31%	4.92	0.05	0.76
(≥139)	93.88%	82.29%	82.89%	5.30	0.07	0.76
(≥140)	93.88%	83.74%	84.27%	5.77	0.07	0.78
(≥141)	93.88%	84.52%	85.01%	6.06	0.07	0.78
(≥142)	93.88%	85.52%	85.96%	6.48	0.07	0.79
(≥143)	93.88%	86.41%	86.80%	6.91	0.07	0.80
(≥144)	93.88%	87.31%	87.65%	7.39	0.07	0.81
(≥145)	93.88%	88.31%	88.60%	8.03	0.07	0.82
(≥146)	93.88%	89.20%	89.44%	8.69	0.07	0.83
(≥147)	93.88%	89.98%	90.18%	9.37	0.07	0.84
(≥148)	93.88%	90.65%	90.81%	10.04	0.07	0.85
(≥149)	93.88%	90.98%	91.13%	10.41	0.07	0.85
(≥150)	93.88%	91.31%	91.45%	10.81	0.07	0.85
(≥151)	93.88%	91.98%	92.08%	11.71	0.07	0.86
(≥152)	93.88%	92.76%	92.82%	12.97	0.07	0.87
(≥153)	89.80%	93.32%	93.14%	13.44	0.11	0.83
(≥154)	87.76%	93.76%	93.45%	14.07	0.13	0.82
(≥155)	85.71%	94.54%	94.09%	15.71	0.15	0.80
(≥156)	85.71%	94.77%	94.30%	16.38	0.15	0.80
(≥157)	85.71%	95.10%	94.61%	17.49	0.15	0.81
(≥158)	85.71%	95.55%	95.04%	19.24	0.15	0.81
(≥159)	81.63%	95.88%	95.14%	19.81	0.19	0.78
(≥160)	79.59%	96.21%	95.35%	21.02	0.21	0.76
(≥161)	77.55%	96.44%	95.46%	21.76	0.23	0.74
(≥162)	77.55%	96.66%	95.67%	23.21	0.23	0.74
(≥163)	77.55%	97.22%	96.20%	27.86	0.23	0.75
(≥164)	75.51%	97.33%	96.20%	28.25	0.25	0.73
(≥165)	75.51%	97.44%	96.30%	29.48	0.25	0.73
(≥166)	71.43%	97.66%	96.30%	30.54	0.29	0.69
(≥167)	69.39%	97.77%	96.30%	31.16	0.31	0.67
(≥168)	69.39%	97.88%	96.41%	32.79	0.31	0.67
(≥169)	67.35%	98.00%	96.41%	33.60	0.33	0.65
(≥170)	65.31%	98.11%	96.41%	34.50	0.35	0.63
(≥171)	65.31%	98.22%	96.52%	36.65	0.35	0.64
(≥172)	65.31%	98.33%	96.62%	39.10	0.35	0.64
(≥173)	61.22%	98.55%	96.62%	42.29	0.39	0.60
(≥174)	59.18%	98.66%	96.62%	44.29	0.41	0.58
(≥175)	57.14%	98.66%	96.52%	42.76	0.43	0.56
(≥176)	51.02%	98.78%	96.30%	41.65	0.50	0.50
(≥177)	51.02%	99.00%	96.52%	50.91	0.49	0.50
(≥179)	48.98%	99.33%	96.73%	73.31	0.51	0.48
(≥180)	46.94%	99.44%	96.73%	84.30	0.53	0.46
(≥182)	44.90%	99.55%	96.73%	100.80	0.55	0.44
(≥183)	40.82%	99.55%	96.52%	91.63	0.59	0.40
(≥185)	38.78%	99.67%	96.52%	116.07	0.61	0.38
(≥186)	36.73%	99.67%	96.41%	109.96	0.63	0.36
(≥189)	34.69%	99.67%	96.30%	103.85	0.66	0.34
(≥192)	30.61%	99.67%	96.09%	91.63	0.70	0.30
(≥193)	28.57%	99.67%	95.99%	85.52	0.72	0.28
(≥195)	24.49%	99.67%	95.78%	73.31	0.76	0.24
(≥196)	22.45%	99.67%	95.67%	67.20	0.78	0.22
(≥200)	20.41%	99.67%	95.56%	61.09	0.80	0.20
(≥202)	20.41%	99.78%	95.67%	91.63	0.80	0.20
(≥212)	18.37%	99.78%	95.56%	82.47	0.82	0.18
(≥214)	16.33%	99.78%	95.46%	73.31	0.84	0.16
(≥215)	14.29%	99.78%	95.35%	64.14	0.86	0.14
(≥217)	12.24%	99.78%	95.25%	54.98	0.88	0.12
(≥219)	10.20%	99.78%	95.14%	45.82	0.90	0.10
(≥221)	8.16%	99.78%	95.04%	36.65	0.92	0.08
(≥223)	8.16%	99.89%	95.14%	73.31	0.92	0.08
(≥231)	6.12%	99.89%	95.04%	54.98	0.94	0.06
(≥239)	6.12%	100%	95.14%	–	0.94	0.06
(≥247)	2.04%	100%	94.93%	–	0.98	0.02
(>247)	0%	100%	94.83%	–	1.00	0.00

Note: *1 mg/dL equals approximately 0.055 mmol/L. Empirical optimal cutpoint: ≥152.

Abbreviation: LR, likelihood ratio.

Figure 1 Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of capillary blood and each glucose measurement with respect to the gold standard (venous plasma glucose measurement).

Abbreviations: OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; ROC, receiver operating characteristic.

Table 6 Rate of True Positives, False Positives, and False Negatives for Capillary Blood Glucose Measurements

Model	OGTT Positive	OGTT Negative
CBG positive	True positive 119 (89.5%)	False positive 272 (33.4%)
CBG negative	False negative 14 (10.5%)	True negative 542 (66.6%)
Total	133 (100%)	814 (100%)

Abbreviations: CBG, capillary blood glucometer; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test.