Cross-Sectional Association Between Body Fat Composition and Biomarkers of Inflammation and Endothelial Dysfunction in Children with Overweight/Obesity

Figures & data

Table 1 Clinical, Metabolic, and Biochemical Parameters Across the Study Groups (n = 166)

	All Mean (SD) n=166	Normal Mean (SD) n=57	Overweight Mean (SD) n=52	Obese Mean (SD) n=57	p-value
Age	10.6 (2.6)	9.25 (3.1)	11.3 (1.7)	11.4 (2.12)	<0.001
Height (cm)	143.5 (12.9)	134.5 (13.8)	146.5 (9.5)	149.9 (9.3)	< 0.01
Weight (kg)	48.2 (19.5)	31.1 (10.7)	47.9 (9.3)	65.7 (17.9)	< 0.01
BMI (kg/m^2)	22.5 (6.4)	16.6 (2.4)	22.1 (1.9)	28.9 (6.0)	< 0.001
WC (cm)	70.8 (16)	56 (10.8)	72 (8.4)	84 (12.5)	< 0.01
Waist/height	0.49 (0.08)	0.41 (0.05)	0.49 (0.05)	0.56 (0.07)	< 0.001
Male (%)	115 (69.2%)	40 (70.2%)	35 (67.3%)	40 (70.2%)	0.80
Female (%)	51 (30.7%)	17 (29.8%)	17 (32.7%)	17 (29.8%)	1.00
PR (beats/minute)	87.4 (12)	86 (8.1)	86 (12.4)	90 (13.9)	0.210
SBP (mmHg)	113.2 (8)	114.9 (8.2)	110.5 (7.8)	115.2 (7.3)	0.017
DBP (mmHg)	72.6 (5.8)	73.6 (7.2)	71.1 (6.4)	73.6 (3.8)	0.120
BF %	30.2 (8.7)	21.5 (4.8)	28.0 (4.3)	37.0 (8.5)	< 0.01
BFM (kg)	18.5 (11.1)	9.5 (3.2)	14.3 (4.1)	27.6 (12.3)	< 0.01
FFM (kg)	42.7 (38.5)	33.7 (5.5)	45.5 (5.9)	44.3 (7.5)	0.528
BMM (kg)	36.8 (7.2)	32.0 (5.2)	34.2 (4.5)	42.1 (7.2)	< 0.01
TBW %	51.1 (6.4)	57.5 (3.5)	52.7 (3.1)	46.1 (6.2)	< 0.01
HbA1C (%)	5.2 (0.5)	5.3 (0.5)	5.33 (0.6)	5.1 (0.4)	0.148
BG (mmol/L)	5.1 (1.3)	5.0 (0.9)	5.3 (1.8)	5.1 (0.9)	0.560
TC (mmol/L)	4.1 (0.7)	4.1 (0.7)	4.1 (0.6)	4.2 (0.6)	0.540
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.4 (0.4)	1.5 (0.4)	1.4 (0.4)	1.21 (0.2)	< 0.01
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.5 (0.6)	2.4 (0.5)	2.51 (0.5)	2.7 (0.6)	0.041
TG (mmol/L)	1.0 (0.5)	0.9 (0.4)	1.1 (0.5)	1.1 (0.4)	0.005
CHOL-Index	4.1 (0.7)	2.7 (0.6)	3.2 (0.8)	3.6 (3.6)	< 0.001
GGT (U/L)	22.5 (7.9)	20.3 (4.6)	21.6 (9.9)	25.6 (7.8)	< 0.01
MCP-1 (pg/mL)	249.1 (116.5)	170.1 (48.8)	217.3 (58.3)	357.0 (124.1)	< 0.01
Leptin (ng/mL)	21.3 (19.6)	11.5 (10.5)	19.6 (13.9)	32.7 (24.8)	< 0.01
Adiponectin (µg/mL)	12.4 (5.6)	6.8 (1.8)	11.8 (2.8)	18.7 (3.5)	< 0.01
hs-CRP (mg/L)	2.1 (2.4)	0.9 (1.2)	1.8 (2.5)	3.3 (2.6)	< 0.01
ET-1 (pg/mL)	7.4 (4.3)	7.4 (2.7)	8.7 (5.7)	6.1 (3.5)	0.007
IL-6 (pg/mL)	3.2 (1.9)	2.6 (1.4)	2.7 (1.2)	4.3 (2.2)	< 0.01
ICAM-1 (ng/mL)	310.2 (96.0)	270.6 (71.7)	313.9 (91.3)	346.3 (107.2)	< 0.01
VCAM-1 (ng/mL)	586.1 (183.2)	510.1 (128.4)	584.5 (199.3)	663.5 (184.8)	< 0.01

Note: p-values are based on one-way ANOVA and chi-squared tests.

Abbreviations: BMI, Body Mass Index; WC, Waist Circumference; PR, Pulse Rate; SBP, Systolic Blood Pressure; DBP, Diastolic Blood Pressure BF, Body Fat, BFM, Body Fat Mass (kg), FFM, fat-free mass, BMM, Body Muscle Mass, TBW, Total Body Water; Hb A1C, hemoglobin A1c; BG, Blood Glucose; TC, Total Cholesterol; HDL-C, High-density lipoprotein- Cholesterol; LDL-C, Low Density Lipoprotein- Cholesterol; TG, Triglycerides; CHOL-Index, cholesterol index; GGT, Gamma Glutamyl Transferase; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1; hs-CRP, High sensitivity C-reactive protein; ET-1, Endothelin-1; IL-6, Interleukin-6; ICAM-1, Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; VCAM-1, Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1.

Table 2 Correlations of Leptin and Adiponectin Between the Different Groups with Gender

	Leptin			Adiponectin
	Male	Female	P value	Male	Female	P value
Normal	10.1 (8.1)	15.1 (14.3)	<0.001	6.0 (1.0)	8.9 (1.6)	<0.001
Overweight	15.7 (9.3)	27.4 (18.4)		10.8 (1.5)	14.6 (3.2)
Obese	23.4 (20.2)	54.5 (20.5)		17.9 (3.7)	20.5 (3.3)

Table 3 Correlation of Various Clinical and Metabolic Markers with Body Composition Parameters

	Age	Height	Weight	WC	BF%	BFM	FFM	BMM	TBW%
PR	−0.068	0.121	0.138	0.143	0.070	0.102	−0.160	0.156	−0.071
SBP	0.358**	0.342**	0.337**	0.185**	0.124	0.240**	−0.100	0.412**	−0.121
DBP	0.366**	0.184**	0.213**	0.034	0.120	0.152	−0.191**	0.255**	−0.118
TC	0.060	0.000	−0.010	−0.052	−0.034	−0.072	−0.050	−0.039	0.037
HDL-C	0.075	−0.144	−0.305**	−0.434**	−0.260**	−0.262**	−0.074	−0.296**	0.263**
LDL-C	0.071	0.092	0.109	−0.045	0.046	0.000	−0.081	0.026	−0.043
TG	−0.091	0.133	0.164	0.217**	0.208**	0.154	0.160	0.150	−0.208**
MCP-1	0.362**	0.387**	0.739**	0.643**	0.728**	0.785**	0.014	0.558**	−0.729**
Leptin	0.470**	0.423**	0.677**	0.606**	0.700**	0.752**	0.064	0.524**	−0.701**
Adiponectin	0.514**	0.572**	0.856**	0.803**	0.813**	0.829**	0.048	0.635**	−0.813**
hs-CRP	0.212**	0.249**	0.432**	0.457**	0.400**	0.384**	0.047	0.263**	−0.402**
ET-1	0.087	0.010	−0.017	−0.018	0.063	0.018	−0.131	−0.196	−0.061
IL-6	0.024	0.101	0.272**	0.250**	0.319**	0.331**	0.098	0.348**	−0.321**
TNF-α	−0.151	−0.044	0.163*	0.132	0.287**	0.312**	0.125	0.370**	−0.290**
ICAM-1	0.346**	0.302**	0.443**	0.403**	0.392**	0.393**	0.060	0.237*	−0.393**
VCAM-1	0.278**	0.218**	0.436**	0.354**	0.457**	0.459**	0.122	0.343**	−0.458**

Notes: **Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

Abbreviations: WC, Waist Circumference; BF, Body Fat, BFM, Body Fat Mass (kg), FFM, fat-free mass, BMM, Body Muscle Mass, TBW, Total Body Water; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1; CRP, C-reactive protein; ET-1, Endothelin-1; IL-6, Interleukin-6; TNF-α, Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha; ICAM-1, Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; VCAM-1, Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1.

Figure 1 Levels of different biomarkers in the three groups of children.

Figure 2 Correlation of different biomarkers with CDC weight-for-age centile.