Association Between Maternal Fasting Plasma Glucose Value and Fetal Weight Among Singletons of Mothers with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Figures & data

Figure 1 Flow chart of women with GDM included in this study.

Table 1 Clinical Characteristics of Pregnant Women with GDM (N=3211)

Variables	N (%)	Mean ± SD	Median (IQR)	Min, Max
Age(years)		32±4	32 (29, 35)	19, 51
Elderly pregnant, n (%, ≥35)	889 (27.7)
Pregnancy BMI (kg/m^2)		26.8±3.2	26.5 (24.5, 28.8)	(15.6, 38.9)
Multigravida, n (%)	1796 (55.9)
Multiparous, n (%)	28 (0.9)
Gestational age(weeks)		39.2±0.8	39.3 (38.6, 39.9)	(37.0, 41.3)
Male fetus (%)	1682 (52.38)
Weight(g)		3366±393	3350 (3100, 3615)	(1905, 5200)
Macrosomia, n (%, >4000g)	192 (6.0)
Length(cm)		50±0.5	50 (50, 50)	(43, 60)
PI(g/cm^3)		2.7±0.3	2.7 (2.5, 2.9)	(1.4, 4.2)
ART, n (%)	398 (12.4)
Placental weight(g)		547±68.5	545 (500, 595)	(220, 1020)
Placental length(cm)		19±2.4	19 (18, 20)	(8, 60)
Placental width(cm)		17.63±2.04	18 (17, 18)	(8, 50)
The cord length(cm)		55±7	55 (50, 60)	(6, 110)
F/P weight		6.2±1	6.2 (5.6, 6.8)	(3.8, 13.5)
Cesarean section, n (%)	1488 (46.3)
FPG (mmol/L)		4.7±0.6	4.6 (4.3, 5.1)	(3, 8)
1hPG (mmol/L)		9.8±1.3	10.0 (9.0, 10.5)	(4.3, 15.3)
2hPG (mmol/L)		8.5±1.4	8.6 (7.6, 9.2)	(3.7, 14.2)
HbAlc (%)		5.3±0.4	5.2 (5.0, 5.5)	(3.0, 11.9)
TC (mmol/L)		5.8±1.2	5.7 (4.9, 6.6)	(1.97, .78)
TG (mmol/L)		3.4±1.9	3.0 (2.2, 4.1)	(0.4, 27.4)
ApoA1 (g/L)		1.8±0.4	1.9 (1.6, 2.1)	(0.3, 2.8)
ApoB (g/L)		1.2±0.3	1.2 (0.9, 1.4)	(0.3, 2.3)
A1/B		1.7±0.5	1.6 (1.3, 1.9)	(0.4, 5.5)

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; PI, Ponderal Index; ART, assisted reproductive technology; F/P, fetal/placental; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; 1hPG, 1-hour plasma glucose; 2hPG, 2-hour plasma glucose; HbAlc, glycated hemoglobin; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; ApoA1, apolipoprotein A1; ApoB, apolipoprotein B; A1/B, ApoA1/ApoB.

Figure 2 Relationship between fetal weight and OGTT-FPG results. Fetal weight in relation to OGTT-FPG values in pregnancies with GDM (linear regression: y=2757.38+128.83x, r²=0.033, P<0.001).

Figure 3 Relationship between fetal and placental weight. Fetal weight in relation to placental weight in pregnancies with GDM (linear regression: y=2772.67+1.08x, r²=0.035, P<0.001).

Table 2 Relationship Between OGTT Results and the Risk of Macrosomia

Variables	Algorithm A		Algorithm B*		Algorithm C^#
	P value	OR and 95% CI	P value	OR and 95% CI	P value	OR and 95% CI
FPG	<0.0001	2.42(1.93–3.04)	<0.0001	2.67(2.11–3.38)	<0.0001	2.06(1.59–2.66)
1hPG	0.3152	0.95(0.85–1.05)	0.6544	0.98(0.87–1.09)	0.6366	0.97(0.87–1.09)
2hPG	0.2840	0.94(0.85–1.05)	0.4776	0.96(0.86–1.07)	0.4466	1.04(0.94–1.16)

Notes: *After adjusting for gestational age. ^#After adjusting for fetal sex, maternal age and pregnancy BMI.

Abbreviations: FPG, fasting plasma glucose; 1hPG, 1-hour plasma glucose; 2hPG, 2-hour plasma glucose; OR, odds ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval.

Table 3 Comparison of Data Between Male and Female Fetus

Variables	Male Fetus (N=1682)	Female Fetus (N=1529)	P value
Fetal Weight	3400 (3130, 3660)	3295 (3060, 3560)	<0.01
Fetal Length	50 (50, 50)	50 (50, 50)	<0.01
PI	2.7 (2.5, 2.9)	2.6 (2.5, 2.9)	<0.01
Placental weight	540 (500, 590)	545 (500, 595)	0.94
F/P weight	6.2 (5.7, 6.9)	6.1 (5.5, 6.7)	<0.01
Cesarean section, n (%)	802 (47.7)	686 (44.9)	0.11
FPG (mmol/L)	4.7 (4.3, 5.1)	4.6 (4.3, 5.1)	0.73
1hPG (mmol/L)	10.0 (9.0, 10.6)	10.0 (9.1, 10.5)	0.58
2hPG (mmol/L)	8.6 (7.7, 9.2)	8.6 (7.6, 9.2)	0.84
HbAlc (%)	5.2 (5.0, 5.5)	5.2 (5.0, 5.5)	0.03

Abbreviations: PI, Ponderal Index; F/P, fetal/placental; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; 1hPG, 1-hour plasma glucose; 2hPG, 2-hour plasma glucose; HbAlc, glycated hemoglobin.