Relationship Between Estimated Glucose Disposal Rate and Type 2 Diabetic Retinopathy

Figures & data

Table 1 Characteristics of Patients Included in This Study

	All Patients			Male Patients			Female Patients
	Non-DR	DR	P	Non-DR	DR	P	Non-DR	DR	P
n	1414	348		709	170	-	705	178	-
Sex (men)	709 (50.1%)	210 (60.34%)	0.355	-	-	-	-	-	-
Age(years)	56.79 (50.6475,64.425)	58.9 (53.4675,64.68)	0.011	56.64 (50.935,64.595)	59.045 (52.51,65.1475)	0.071	56.92 (50.235,64.33)	58.885 (53.6775,64.345)	0.011
Hypertension (%)	585 (41.40%)	166 (47.70%)	0.025	300 (42.30%)	74 (43.50%)	0.773	281 (39.90%)	92 (51.70%)	0.004
Course (years)	8.00 (5.00,13.00)	10.00 (6.00,13.00)	0.001	8.00 (5.00,13.00)	10.00 (6.00,13.00)	0.019	8.00 (5.00,13.00)	10.00 (6.00,14.00)	0.012
BMI (kg/m2)	26.5 (24.1,29.025)	25.85 (23.825,28.4)	0.023	26.5 (24.1,28.8)	25.8 (23.875,28.425)	0.114	26.5 (24.1,29.4)	25.95 (23.8,28.325)	0.023
WC(cm)	93.25 (86.3,100.1)	92.5 (85.625,99.425)	0.294	95 (88.85,102)	94.5 (87.475,100)	0.116	91 (84,98.5)	91.1(84.775,99)	0.294
SBP(mmHg)	133 (122,147)	136.75 (124,152)	0.028	133.5 (122.75,146.5)	134.25 (124,150)	0.434	132.5 (121,148.25)	140 (122,154.625)	0.028
DBP(mmHg)	80.5 (74,87)	79.5 (71.5,85.875)	0.007	82 (76,88.5)	80.5 (73.375,87)	0.054	79 (72.75,85.5)	78 (70.5,84.5)	0.007
FPG (mmol/L)	7.5 (6.1,9.535)	9.29 (7.115,12.325)	<0.001	7.7 (6.29,9.9)	9.14 (7.125,11.885)	<0.001	7.335 (6,9.2875)	9.5 (7.06,12.705)	<0.001
HbA1c (%)	6.8 (5.8,8.2)	8.2 (6.9,9.7)	<0.001	6.9 (5.8,8.2)	8.1 (6.875,9.2)	<0.001	6.8 (5.7,8.2)	8.35 (6.975,10.225)	<0.001
GGT (IU/L)	24 (17,34)	22 (16,30)	0.053	27 (20,39)	25 (18,35)	0.056	20 (15,28)	20 (15,26)	0.053
Alb (g/L)	48.8 (47,50.5)	48.2 (46.6,49.9)	<0.001	49.1 (47.4,50.8)	48.3 (46.7,50.4)	0.012	48.6 (46.7,50.2)	47.9 (46.15,49.7)	<0.001
TC (mmol/L)	4.72 (4.0725,5.41)	4.72 (4.13,5.4475)	0.5	4.5 (3.89,5.25)	4.5 (3.87,5.24)	0.888	4.89 (4.26,5.6)	4.96 (4.335,5.915)	0.5
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.91 (2.34,3.5175)	2.955 (2.3425,3.56)	0.412	2.76 (2.24,3.41)	2.78 (2.22,3.37)	0.976	3.03 (2.42,3.655)	3.14 (2.485,3.795)	0.412
HDL -C (mmol/L)	1.22 (1.03,1.45)	1.25 (1.06,1.47)	0.094	1.14 (0.97,1.35)	1.19 (1.02,1.43)	0.027	1.29 (1.09,1.52)	1.29 (1.085,1.54)	0.094
TG (mmol/L)	1.6 (1.13,2.35)	1.55 (1.1,2.23)	0.509	1.54 (1.08,2.35)	1.4 (1,2.22)	0.172	1.64 (1.19,2.35)	1.69 (1.235,2.255)	0.509
ALT, (IU/L)	18 (14,24.75)	17 (13,22)	0.034	19 (15,27)	18 (14,25)	0.065	16 (12,22)	16 (12,20)	0.034
AST (IU/L)	18 (15,22)	17.5 (15,22)	0.016	19 (16,23)	18 (15,23)	0.393	18 (15,22)	17 (14,21)	0.016
Cr (umol/L)	68 (59,80)	67 (58,79.75)	0.984	78 (71,87)	76 (67,89)	0.736	60 (53,66)	60 (52,68)	0.984
BUN (mmol/L)	5.2 (4.3,6.2)	5.3 (4.5,6.7)	0.007	5.5 (4.6,6.6)	5.6 (4.8,7.1)	0.187	4.8 (4.1,5.8)	5.2 (4.3,6.3)	0.007
UA(umol/L)	295 (241,361)	289 (241,340.75)	0.23	325 (266,387)	309 (261,358)	0.08	270 (223,326.5)	271 (219.5,316)	0.23
eGDR	7.55 (5.47,9.3)	6.61 (4.7925,8.49)	<0.001	7.35 (5.34,9.01)	7.065 (5.0775,8.3525)	0.022	7.87 (5.585,9.62)	6.045 (4.5225,8.585)	<0.001

Figure 1 Flowchart of the patient selection process.

Table 2 Characteristics of Patients Included in This Study by eGDR Levels

	Q1	Q2	Q3	Q4	P
n	435	441	438	448
Sex (men)	221 (50.8%)	225 (51.0%)	247 (56.4%)	186 (41.5%)	0.032
Age(years)	58.86 (53.43,65.48)	58.3 (52.025,66.21)	56.44 (50.9525,63.34)	56.45 (47.7325,62.8175)	<0.001
Hypertension(%)	430 (98.90%)	288 (65.30%)	28 (6.40%)	1(0.20%)	<0.001
Course(years)	9.00 (6.00,13.00)	8.00 (5.00,13.00)	8.00 (5.00,13.00)	8.00 (5.00,13.00)	0.122
BMI (kg/m2)	28.4 (26,31)	26.2 (24.1,28.4)	26.6 (24.3,29.2)	24.35 (22.4,26.6)	<0.001
WC(cm)	100.1 (94.7,106.3)	92.4 (87.05,98.6)	96 (88.6,101)	85.4(78.9,90.775)	<0.001
SBP(mmHg)	151 (143.5,159.5)	143.5 (130,154.75)	127.5 (119,133.5)	122.5 (114.125,130)	<0.001
DBP(mmHg)	87 (81,93)	83 (76,90)	78.5 (71.5,83)	74.5 (69.5,80.375)	<0.001
FPG (mmol/L)	9.36 (7.67,11.7)	7.95 (6.6,11.025)	8.05 (6.6,9.9)	6.27 (5.6,7.6)	<0.001
HbA1c (%)	8.2 (7.1,9.5)	7.1 (6,9.4)	7.4 (6.4,8.425)	5.75 (5.4,6.6)	<0.001
GGT (IU/L)	27 (20,40)	23 (17,32)	24 (17,36)	19 (14,27)	<0.001
Alb (g/L)	48.9 (47.2,50.5)	48.9 (47.1,50.7)	48.7 (46.8,50.4)	48.3 (46.5,50.4)	0.051
TC (mmol/L)	4.8 (4.17,5.58)	4.78 (4.12,5.48)	4.68 (4.06,5.38)	4.64 (3.975,5.275)	0.009
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.95 (2.37,3.59)	2.99 (2.35,3.66)	2.84 (2.295,3.48)	2.89 (2.33,3.415)	0.165
HDL -C (mmol/L)	1.18 (1.02,1.37)	1.21 (1,1.43)	1.2 (1,1.445)	1.33 (1.1,1.54)	<0.001
TG (mmol/L)	1.82 (1.3,2.73)	1.68 (1.13,2.37)	1.61 (1.15,2.49)	1.36 (0.975,1.83)	<0.001
ALT, (IU/L)	19 (14,28)	17 (14,23)	18 (14,25)	16 (12,21)	<0.001
AST (IU/L)	19 (16,23)	18 (15,22)	18 (15,22)	18 (15,22)	0.239
Cr (umol/L)	69 (59,82)	70 (59,81)	67 (59.5,81)	66 (58,78)	0.306
BUN (mmol/L)	5.2 (4.4,6.5)	5.4 (4.5,6.6)	5.3 (4.5,6.3)	4.9 (4.1,5.75)	<0.001
UA (umol/L)	301 (251,362)	300 (246,360)	294 (237,358)	278 (235,347)	0.011
eGDR	4.35 (3.51,4.86)	6.16 (5.73,6.755)	8.36 (7.86,8.77)	10.01 (9.5625,10.6675)	<0.001

Figure 2 Comparison of the prevalence of DR in patients with T2DM who have different eGDR.

Figure 3 Comparison of the prevalence of PDR in patients with DR who have different eGDR.

Table 3 Logistic Regression Analysis of eGDR for DR in Patients with T2DM

	Outcomes	Model I		Model II		Model III
All patients		OR (95% CI)	P	OR (95% CI)	P	OR (95% CI)	P
	eGDR	0.862 (0.820,0.906)	<0.001	0.634 (0.576,0.698)	<0.001	0.634 (0.528,0.762)	<0.001
	eGDR(quartile)
	Q1	3.103 (2.144,4.489)	<0.001	12.646 (6.875,23.26)	<0.001	5.602 (2.375,13.217)	<0.001
	Q2	2.280 (1.561,3.331)	<0.001	5.146 (3.213,8.243)	<0.001	2.976 (1.614,5.487)	<0.001
	Q3	2.269 (1.552,3.316)	<0.001	3.076 (2.071,4.569)	<0.001	2.627 (1.681,4.105)	<0.001
	Q4	Ref		Ref		Ref
Female-patients	eGDR	0.818 (0.764,0.876)	<0.001	0.580 (0.507,0.663)	<0.001	0.563 (0.427,0.742)	<0.001
	eGDR (quartile)
	Q1	4.137 (2.516,6.804)	<0.001	22.494 (9.547,53.000)	<0.001	7.292 (2.073,25.652)	0.002
	Q2	2.524 (1.504,4.238)	<0.001	7.004 (3.599,13.632)	<0.001	3.240 (1.333,7.873)	0.009
	Q3	2.254 (1.315,3.864)	0.003	3.225 (1.839,5.657)	<0.001	2.628 (1.338,4.975)	0.003
	Q4	Ref		Ref		Ref
Male-patients	eGDR
	eGDR(quartile)	0.916 (0.852,0.986)	0.020	0.708 (0.615,0.815)	<0.001	0.679 (0.526,0.876)	0.003
	Q1	2.238 (1.286,3.895)	0.004	6.640 (2.779,15.867)	<0.001	4.682 (1.412,15.529)	0.012
	Q2	2.019 (1.156,3.527)	0.014	3.668 (1.877,7.166)	<0.001	2.973 (1.252,7.058)	0.014
	Q3	2.198 (1.274,3.792)	0.005	2.721 (1.551,4.771)	<0.001	2.634 (1.393,4.981)	0.003
	Q4	Ref		Ref		Ref

Notes: Model 1: crude model; Model 2: adjusted for age, BMI, gender, hypertension; Model 3: further adjusted for WC, FPG, GGT, ALT, AST, Alb, TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, Cr, BUN, UA, course.

Table 4 Logistic Regression Analysis of eGDR for Proliferative DR in Female-Patients

	eGDR Level	OR (95%)	P
All patients	1st, 2nd and 3rd quarter	1.431 (0.566,3.617)	0.448
	4th quarter (highest eGDR)	Ref
Female-patients	1st, 2nd and 3rd quarter	8.537 (1.613,45.169)	0.012
	4th quarter (highest eGDR)	Ref
Male-patients	1st, 2nd and 3rd quarter	0.558 (0.157,1.986)	0.368
	4th quarter (highest eGDR)	Ref

Notes: Adjusted for age, BMI, gender, hypertension, WC, FPG, GGT, ALT, AST, Alb, TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, Cr, BUN, UA, course.