Gender Differences in Relation to Body Composition, Insulin Resistance, and Islet Beta Cell Function in Newly Diagnosed Diabetic or Pre-Diabetic Patients

Figures & data

Figure 1 Flowchart and main results of the study.

Abbreviations: DM, diabetes mellitus; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; pre-DM, pre-diabetes; LM, lean mass; FM, fat mass; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; DI, glucose disposition index.

Table 1 General Clinical Characteristics in Patients with a Different Gender

	Total n=111	Female n=40	Male n=71	p
Age (yo)	48.32±13.40	48.55±13.28	48.18±13.55	0.890
Smoking	26 (23.6%)	3 (7.7%)	23 (32.4%)	0.004
Drinking	31 (28.4%)	3 (7.9%)	28 (39.4%)	<0.001
FH of DM	57 (51.8%)	24 (61.5%)	33 (46.5%)	0.164
Height (cm)	170.07±8.56	161.95±4.81	174.65±6.59	<0.001
Weight (Kg)	78.67±15.0	72.06±13.05	82.4±14.81	<0.001
BMI (Kg‎/m^2)	27.07±4.34	27.35±4.51	26.92±4.27	0.616
WC (cm)	94.5±1.99	92.66±12.27	95.45±10.25	0.253
HbA1c (%)	7.7 (6.2, 9.9)	6.8 (6.1, 8.3)	8.1 (6.2, 10.4)	0.109
FPG (mmol/L)	7.06 (5.80, 8.46)	6.68 (5.55, 8.29)	7.16 (6.07, 8.59)	0.247
UA (μmol/L)	343.01±91.68	326.65±79.58	352.28±97.29	0.194
TC (mmol/L)	4.95±1.11	5.12±0.96	4.86±1.18	0.262
LDL-c (mmol/L)	3.30±0.91	3.41±0.81	3.24±0.96	0.368
HDL-c (mmol/L)	1.06 (0.90, 1.27)	1.18 (0.97, 1.36)	0.99 (0.89, 1.19)	0.016
TG (mmol/L)	1.70 (1.01, 2.47)	1.71 (0.97, 2.49)	1.69 (1.04, 2.47)	0.924
HOMA-IR	3.39 (2.19, 5.91)	3.49 (2.27, 6.13)	3.34 (2.09, 5.79)	0.710
HOMA-β	64.73 (31.76, 107.48)	84.43 (51.43, 147.04)	57.32 (28.34, 96.98)	0.047
QUICKI	0.325±0.045	0.326±0.056	0.325±0.039	0.944
ISIM	42.19 (28.85, 81.45)	45.11 (30.29, 72.46)	41.19 (28.56, 100.18)	0.884
IGI30	5.86 (1.64, 12.22)	6.04 (1.95, 19.33)	5.65 (1.57, 11.98)	0.551
DI30	303.61 (129.31, 539.77)	409.89 (153.93, 803.76)	288.41 (121.10, 489.46)	0.224

Abbreviations: FH, family history; DM, diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; FPG, fasting blood glucose; UA, uric acid; TG, triglyceride; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-c, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-c, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-β, homeostasis model assessment of beta cell function; QUICKI, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index; ISI_M, Matsuda insulin sensitivity index; IGI, insulinogenic index; DI, glucose disposition index.

Table 2 Comparison of Body Composition in Female and Male

	Total	Female n=40	Male n=71	p
Total body
BMI (Kg‎/m^2)	27.07±4.34	27.35±4.51	26.92±4.27	0.616
TBF (%)	34.02±6.87	39.92±5.12	30.70±5.54	<0.001
Total FM (kg)	26.61±7.89	28.86±7.73	23.34±7.75	0.023
Total LM (kg)	49.05±10.25	40.85±6.36	53.68±9.07	<0.001
Total Lean (%)	63.22±6.82	57.61±5.10	66.39±5.52	<0.001
Regional FM (kg)
Trunk FM (kg)	14.90±4.57	15.63±4.32	14.49±4.69	0.211
Android FM (kg)	3.21±1.12	3.24±1.06	3.19±1.16	0.827
Gynoid FM (kg)	3.74±1.27	4.36±1.36	3.40±1.08	<0.001
Arms FM (kg)	3.17±1.22	3.61±1.24	2.92±1.15	0.005
Legs FM (kg)	8.00±2.65	9.15±2.79	7.36±2.34	<0.001
Regional LM (kg)
Trunk LM (kg)	26.72±6.12	22.82±4.20	28.92±5.95	<0.001
Arms LM (kg)	4.70±1.28	3.49±0.66	5.38±1.02	<0.001
Legs LM (kg)	16.32±4.08	13.33±2.75	18.02±3.73	<0.001
Regional fat %
Trunk fat (%)	35.00±7.33	39.68±6.49	32.37±6.43	<0.001
Android Fat (%)	38.01±7.68	42.45±6.59	35.51±7.13	<0.001
Gynoid Fat (%)	31.10±7.95	38.25±5.81	27.07±5.91	<0.001
Arms fat (%)	38.52±9.89	48.37±6.46	32.98±6.63	<0.001
Legs fat (%)	31.74±7.97	38.99±6.39	27.66±5.50	<0.001
Regional lean %
Trunk lean (%)	63.31±7.12	58.78±6.36	65.86±6.23	<0.001
Arms lean (%)	57.66±9.34	48.41±6.18	62.88±6.27	<0.001
Legs lean (%)	64.65±7.62	57.86±6.30	68.48±5.27	<0.001

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; TBF, total body fat; FM, fat mass; LM, lean mass.

Table 3 Correlation of Body Composition and LnHOMAIR in Females and Males

	Total			Female			Male
	r^1	r^2	r^3	r^1	r^2	r^4	r^1	r^2	r^4
Total body
Total FM (kg)	0.251*	0.188	-0.158	0.22	-0.325	-0.387	0.276*	0.323	0.48
TBF (%)	0.035	-0.052	-0.281*	-0.053	-0.551	-0.538	0.076	0.056	0.003
Total LM (kg)	0.270**	0.346*	0.226	0.447**	-0.082	0.187	0.336**	0.394*	0.402*
Total Lean (%)	-0.008	0.081	0.297*	0.087	0.563*	0.542	-0.04	-0.022	0.214
Regional FM (kg)
Android FM (kg)	0.368**	0.273*	0.087	0.360*	-0.307	-0.211	0.373**	0.433*	0.462**
Gynoid FM (kg)	0.235*	0.152	-0.169	0.273	-0.277	-0.167	0.236	0.266	0.393
Trunk FM (kg)	0.238*	0.197	-0.107	0.219	-0.278	-0.176	0.250*	0.315	0.426
Arms FM (kg)	0.298**	0.262	0.063	0.227	-0.117	0.182	0.357**	0.361*	0.452**
Legs FM (kg)	0.261**	0.155	-0.188	0.24	-0.404	-0.481	0.306*	0.338*	0.434*
Regional Fat %
Android Fat (%)	0.028	-0.026	-0.208	-0.079	-0.456	-0.413	0.079	0.117	0.177
Gynoid Fat (%)	-0.002	-0.093	-0.251	-0.044	-0.446	-0.394	-0.008	-0.033	-0.258
Trunk Fat (%)	0.01	-0.037	-0.236	-0.093	-0.374	-0.311	0.058	0.047	-0.042
Arms Fat (%)	0.081	0.011	-0.164	0.064	-0.312	-0.231	0.126	0.084	0.086
Legs Fat (%)	0.006	-0.146	-0.352**	-0.111	-0.682*	-0.673*	0.056	0.02	-0.106
Regional LM (kg)
Trunk LM (kg)	0.257*	0.293*	0.177	0.442*	-0.095	0.071	0.259*	0.324	0.344
Arms LM (kg)	0.252*	0.390**	0.289*	0.374*	0.033	0.312	0.399**	0.425*	0.427
Legs LM (kg)	0.292**	0.367**	0.263	0.421*	0.061	0.331	0.362**	0.437**	0.454
Regional Lean %
Trunk Lean (%)	-0.001	0.051	0.249	0.104	0.386	0.326	-0.048	-0.034	0.095
Arms Lean (%)	-0.061	0.023	0.189	-0.035	0.349	0.278	-0.094	-0.054	-0.004
Legs Lean (%)	0.019	0.183	0.378**	0.143	0.680*	0.664*	-0.019	0.024	0.237

Notes: r¹: Spearman Correlation. r²: Partial correlation adjusting for age, smoking, drinking, UA, TC, TG, HDL-c, and LDL-c. r³: Partial correlation adjusting for age, gender, BMI, smoking, drinking, UA, TC, TG, HDL-c, and LDL-c. r⁴: Partial correlation adjusting for age, BMI, smoking, drinking, UA, TC, TG, HDL-c, and LDL-c. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01.

Table 4 Multiple Linear Regression of LnHOMAIR in Female and Male

		B	Beta	p	Adjusted R^2
Female					0.326
	Legs LM (kg)	0.139	0.411	0.014
	FPG (mmol/L)	0.204	0.463	0.006
Male					0.383
	Android FM (kg)	0.275	0.348	0.003
	FPG (mmol/L)	0.115	0.378	0.003
	TG (mmol/L)	0.131	0.339	0.003
	UA (umol/L)	0.003	0.328	0.007

Abbreviations: LM, lean mass; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; FM, fat mass; UA, uric acid; TG, triglyceride.

Table 5 Correlation of Body Composition and LnDI₃₀ in Females and Males

	Total			Female			Male
	r^1	r^2	r^3	r^1	r^2	r^4	r^1	r^2	r^4
Total body
Total FM (kg)	0.118	0.107	0.244	0.091	0.379	0.126	0.095	−0.134	0.295
BF (%)	0.198	0.211	0.257	0.052	0.465	0.329	0.216	0.067	0.273
Total LM (kg)	−0.144	−0.183	−0.263	0.137	0.225	−0.13	−0.19	−0.375*	−0.232
Total Lean (%)	−0.204	−0.224	−0.266	−0.067	−0.423	−0.283	−0.22	−0.089	−0.28
Regional FM (kg)
Android FM (kg)	−0.025	−0.036	−0.077	−0.024	0.423	0.246	−0.023	−0.242	0.044
Gynoid FM (kg)	0.152	0.109	0.199	0.094	0.325	0.015	0.133	−0.101	0.254
Trunk FM (kg)	0.043	0.057	0.108	0.032	0.385	0.148	0.03	−0.2	0.152
Arms FM (kg)	0.144	0.161	0.282*	0.072	0.088	−0.521	0.144	0.032	0.435*
Legs FM (kg)	0.185	0.099	0.193	0.179	0.45	0.315	0.125	−0.15	0.22
Regional fat %
Android Fat (%)	0.191	0.196	0.225	−0.001	0.445	0.366	0.249	0.054	0.263
Gynoid Fat (%)	0.202	0.211	0.231	0.092	0.348	0.213	0.203	0.12	0.241
Trunk Fat (%)	0.167	0.208	0.244	−0.022	0.308	0.17	0.216	0.072	0.269
Arms Fat (%)	0.223	0.249	0.288*	0.12	0.254	0.078	0.25	0.157	0.363*
Legs Fat (%)	0.223	0.216	0.248	0.189	0.587*	0.505	0.195	0.034	0.207
Regional LM (kg)
Trunk LM (kg)	−0.219	−0.285*	−0.348*	0.095	0.235	0.001	−0.324*	−0.461**	−0.361*
Arms LM (kg)	−0.114	−0.078	−0.12	0.034	−0.022	−0.467	−0.065	−0.22	−0.01
Legs LM (kg)	−0.07	−0.139	−0.181	0.151	0.096	−0.25	−0.062	−0.279	−0.111
Regional lean %
Trunk Lean (%)	−0.173	−0.215	−0.251	0.012	−0.313	−0.178	−0.22	−0.082	−0.278
Arms Lean (%)	−0.233*	−0.271*	−0.306*	−0.15	−0.283	−0.125	−0.257	−0.177	−0.362*
Legs Lean (%)	−0.225	−0.223	−0.25	−0.211	−0.581*	−0.503	−0.18	−0.033	−0.193

Notes: r¹: Spearman correlation. r²: Partial correlation adjusting for age, smoking, drinking, UA, TC, TG, HDL-c, and LDL-c. r³: Partial correlation adjusting for age, gender, BMI, smoking, drinking, UA, TC, TG, HDL-c, and LDL-c. r⁴: Partial correlation adjusting for age, BMI, smoking, drinking, UA, TC, TG, HDL-c, and LDL-c. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01.

Table 6 Multiple Linear Regression of LnDI₃₀ in Female and Male

		B	Beta	p	Adjusting R^2
Female					0.651
	FPG (mmol/L)	−0.845	−1.169	<0.001
	TG (mmol/L)	0.386	0.577	0.014
Male					0.313
	Trunk LM (kg)	−0.192	−0.927	<0.001
	Legs LM (kg)	0.229	0.765	0.003
	FPG (mmol/L)	−0.14	−0.3	0.035

Abbreviations: LM, lean mass; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; TG, triglyceride.