Serum Pentosidine is Associated with Cardiac Dysfunction and Atherosclerosis in T2DM

Figures & data

Table 1 Comparison of Baseline Characteristics According to LVEF Quartiles

	Q1 (n=30) LVEF>63%	Q2 (n=30) 61%<LVEF≤63%	Q3 (n=30) 57%<LVEF≤61%	Q4 (n=32) LVEF≤57%	p
Age (years)	50.63±10.54	53.27±8.92	48.80±10.49	48.94±11.24	0.304
BMI (kg/m^2)	25.83±4.12	25.20±5.12	25.55±2.93	26.97±4.78	0.404
Waist-hip ratio	0.91±0.05	0.91±0.05	0.94±0.05^b	0.94±0.07^ab	0.029
Visceral fat area (cm^2)	87.90±31.61	83.28±34.15	95.24±24.78	115.15±48.02^abc	0.006
Duration of diabetes (years)	8.01±6.68	6.73±5.14	4.84±5.78	6.98±6.16	0.225
FBG (mmol/L)	7.74±2.31	7.98±2.30	8.40±3.11	8.06±2.45	0.794
0’INS (pmol/L)	46.98±43.86	52.41±53.71	48.63±42.00	54.68±41.16	0.907
0’C-P (pmol/L)	619.60±335.78	708.71±447.76	698.10±404.50	719.26±364.64	0.746
HbA1c (%)	8.86±2.10	9.18±2.18	9.42±2.17	8.23±2.01^c	0.138
Hb (g/L)	141.76±13.39	146.83±14.79	150.62±14.51^a	152.03±13.23^a	0.028
UA (umol/L)	300.74±82.84	286.90±87.88	304.11±57.41	310.06±111.88	0.770
TG (mmol/L)	1.59±0.91	1.81±0.91	2.81±2.88^ab	2.48±1.65^b	0.034
TC (mmol/L)	4.10±1.09	4.61±1.16	4.72±1.28	4.57±1.18	0.206
HDL-c (mmol/L)	0.99±0.20	1.05±0.23	1.00±0.30	1.07±0.39	0.651
LDL-c (mmol/L)	2.49±0.81	2.83±0.95	2.77±0.89	2.73±0.88	0.460
AIP	0.15±0.27	0.20±0.26	0.32±0.39^a	0.32±0.37^a	0.105
TyG	9.00±0.67	9.20±0.63	9.45±0.98^a	9.45±0.64^a	0.063
ABI	1.08±0.11	1.07±0.12	1.10±0.09	1.10±0.09	0.737
baPWV (cm/s)	1493.19±283.02	1418.28±247.39	1535.35±293.60	1630.28±400.75^b	0.081
LAD(mm)	37.23±3.69	35.83±3.10	36.40±3.94	36.97±3.81	0.453
IVST(mm)	9.47±1.20	9.13±0.97	9.20±1.03	9.31±1.03	0.637
LVDD(mm)	49.10±3.52	45.87±8.65	49.60±4.22^b	50.63±4.00^b	0.006
LVPWT(mm)	9.23±0.97	9.20±0.92	9.03±0.61	9.22±0.87	0.785
LVEF(%)	65.80±1.69	62.23±0.43	59.30±1.12	55.53±1.67	0.000
LVESD (mm)	31.53±2.29	31.50±2.01	33.97±2.99^ab	35.97±2.92^ab	0.000
ARD(mm)	29.17±2.34	29.27±2.24	30.53±2.85	31.41±3.60^ab	0.005
LVM(g)	742.06±166.75	644.67±174.13	731.74±183.85	768.07±171.27	0.039
LVI	416.11±80.47	365.70±76.63^a	410.11±82.15^b	420.01±72.71^b	0.027
Serum pentosidine (pmol/mL)	605.66±219.20	607.36±194.20	741.26±233.52^ab	901.08±353.45^ab	0.000
Smoking(%)	26.1%	17.4%	17.4%	39.1%	0.049

Notes: Continuous values consistent with normal distribution are shown as mean ± standard deviation. Categorical values are shown as frequency. ^ap < 0.05 compared with Quartile 1;^bp < 0.05 compared with Quartile 2;^cp < 0.05 compared with Quartile 3.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; FPG, fasting plasma glucose;0 “INS, insulin 0 minutes; 0” C-P, C-peptide 0 minutes; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; UA, uric acid; TyG, The triglyceride-glucose index; AIP, Atherogenic index of plasma;ARD, aortic root dimension; LAD, left atrial diameter; IVST, ventricular septal thickness; LVDD, left ventricular end diastolic diameter; LVPWT, left ventricular posterior wall thickness; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVESD, Left ventricular end systolic dimension; LVM, left ventricular mass; LVI, left ventricular mass index.

Table 2 Correlation Analysis of Serum Pentosidine and Clinical Test Results

	r	p
Waist-hip ratio	0.222	0.014
Hb	0.209	0.023
AIP	0.192	0.035
baPWV	0.229	0.016
LVEF	−0.356	0.000
LVESD	0.295	0.001
ARD	0.345	0.000

Table 3 Determinants for Echocardiographic Parameters Using Multivariable Stepwise Linear Regression Analysis

	β	S	β’	T	p	VIF	R^2	F	p
LVEF							0.822	12.343	0.002
Pentosidine	−0.006	0.001	−0.779	−4.914	0.001	1.131
BUN	−1.895	0.535	−0.528	−3.538	0.008	1.001
ALT	−0.105	0.042	−0.393	−2.481	0.038	1.132
LVESD							0.983	67.734	0.000
Weight	0.263	0.021	1.016	12.380	0.000	2.322
Pentosidine	0.005	0.001	0.634	9.189	0.000	1.642
Waist-hip ratio	−36.265	5.789	−0.454	−6.265	0.001	1.808
TG	0.300	0.078	0.218	3.853	0.008	1.104
Hb	−0.052	0.019	−0.215	−2.765	0.033	2.079
ARD							0.633	7.775	0.011
Pentosidine	0.006	0.002	0.663	3.285	0.009	1.001
0’C-P	−0.009	0.004	−0.465	−2.303	0.047	1.001

Table 4 Determinants for AIP, baPWV Using Multivariable Stepwise Linear Regression Analysis

	β	S	β’	T	p	VIF	R^2	F	p
AIP							0.383	13.031	0.000
UA	0.002	0.000	0.425	4.870	0.000	1.038
Waist-hip ratio	1.289	0.510	0.227	2.526	0.013	1.102
FBG	0.028	0.011	0.207	2.414	0.018	1.006
Pentosidine	0.000	0.000	0.200	2.266	0.026	1.065
baPWV							0.563	24.198	0.000
Age	18.137	2.314	0.579	7.839	0.000	1.175
DBP	13.393	2.156	0.444	6.212	0.000	1.100
Pentosidine	0.273	0.081	0.236	3.394	0.001	1.038
UA	0.843	0.281	0.221	3.005	0.003	1.160
ALT	−2.875	1.310	−0.167	−2.195	0.031	1.242