Gender-Specific Association of Handgrip Strength with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Chinese Han Older Adults

Figures & data

Table 1 General Characteristics of Participants [n (%)]

Various	N	T2DM		t/χ^2	P-value
		Yes	No
Gender
Male	2666(45.5)	395(43.2)	2271(45.9)	2.205	0.138
Female	3198(54.5)	519(56.8)	2679(54.1)
Education level
Uneducated	2884(49.2)	399(43.7)	2485(50.2)	19.559	<0.001
Primary school	1641(28)	280(30.6)	1361(27.5)
Junior school	832(14.2)	130(14.2)	702(14.2)
High school and above	507(8.6)	105(11.5)	402(8.1)
Income
<6500	3540(60.4)	502(54.9)	3038(61.4)	20.115	<0.001
6500–15,000	908(15.5)	139(15.2)	769(15.5)
15,000–24,000	465(7.9)	88(9.6)	377(7.6)
>24,000	951(16.2)	185(20.2)	766(15.5)
Alcohol use
No	3590(61.2)	579(63.3)	3011(60.8)	2.063	0.151
Yes	2274(38.8)	335(36.7)	1939(39.2)
Smoking
No	4626(78.9)	747(81.7)	3879(78.4)	5.246	0.022
Yes	1238(21.1)	167(18.3)	1071(21.6)
Hypertension
No	2888(49.2)	213(23.3)	2675(54)	291.62	<0.001
Yes	2976(50.8)	701(76.7)	2275(46)
BMI
Thin	309(5.2)	39(4.3)	270(5.5)	12.784	0.005
Moderate	3237(54.1)	468(51.2)	2769(55.9)
Overweight	1967(32.9)	340(37.2)	1627(32.9)
Obesity	351(5.9)	67(7.3)	284(5.7)
Age	5864	70.86±6.88	70.98±7.11	0.477	0.633
Handgrip strength	5864	20.70±8.98	21.38±9.14	2.068	0.039
Relative handgrip strength	5864	0.86±0.390	0.90±0.39	3.154	0.002

Abbreviations: T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitusin; BMI, body mass index.

Table 2 Handgrip Strength with Different Demographic Characteristics

Various	Handgrip Strength			Relative Handgrip Strength
	M±SD	t/F	P-value	M±SD	t/F	P-value
Gender
Male	26.87±8.98	50.177	<0.001	1.14±0.38	51.535	<0.001
Female	16.61±6.10			0.69±0.26
Education level
Uneducated	18.55±8.04	240.587	<0.001	0.78±0.35	226.133	<0.001
Primary school	22.16±8.99			0.94±0.39
Junior school	25.95±9.19			1.08±0.39
High school and above	26.24±9.40			1.09±0.38
Income
<6500	19.43±8.56	138.498	<0.001	0.82±0.37	115.847	<0.001
6500–15,000	23.1±9.05			0.97±0.40
15,000–24,000	24.1±9.37			0.98±0.40
>24,000	25.03±9.18			1.05±0.39
Alcohol use
Yes	25.08±9.13	26.362	<0.001	1.05±0.39	25.325	<0.001
No	18.87±8.24			0.79±0.36
Smoking
Yes	25.97±9.27	20.346	<0.001	1.13±0.40	23.561	<0.001
No	20.02±8.65			0.83±0.36
Hypertension
Yes	20.93±9.20	2.946	0.003	0.85±0.38	8.082	<0.001
No	21.63±9.01			0.93±0.39
BMI
Thin	17.9±7.75	29.214	<0.001	1.03±0.44	88.892	<0.001
Moderate	20.88±8.91			0.94±0.40
Overweight	22.53±9.51			0.84±0.36
Obesity	20.86±8.67			0.65±0.28

Abbreviations: T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitusin; BMI, body mass index.

Table 3 Binary Logistic Regression Analysis of Handgrip Strength and T2DM

Various		Total				Male			Female
		OR		95% CI	P-value	OR	95% CI	P-value	OR	95% CI	P-value
Handgrip strength		0.985		0.975–0.996	0.006	0.989	0.976–1.003	0.125	0.978	0.961–0.995	0.013
Age		0.989		0.978–1.001	0.061	0.998	0.980–1.015	0.782	0.983	0.968–0.998	0.023
Gender	Male	1.000
	Female	1.010		0.824–1.238	0.924
Education level	Uneducated	0.631		0.475–0.838	0.001	0.629	0.428–0.923	0.018	0.635	0.409–0.986	0.043
	Primary school	0.836		0.633–1.105	0.208	0.770	0.537–1.104	0.156	0.948	0.608–1.48	0.815
	Junior school	0.757		0.561–1.021	0.068	0.761	0.523–1.105	0.151	0.752	0.455–1.241	0.265
	High school and above	1.000				1.000			1.000
Income	<6500	0.732		0.587–0.913	0.006	0.641	0.476–0.862	0.003	0.886	0.631–1.244	0.485
	6500–15,000	0.849		0.652–1.107	0.227	0.701	0.488–1.007	0.054	1.103	0.741–1.642	0.630
	15,000–24,000	1.070		0.792–1.444	0.661	1.007	0.654–1.550	0.976	1.208	0.787–1.855	0.387
	>24,000	1.000				1.000			1.000
Alcohol use	Yes	0.947		0.800–1.121	0.530	0.870	0.693–1.093	0.231	1.07	0.837–1.368	0.588
	No	1.000				1.000			1.000
Smoking	Yes	0.918		0.746–1.130	0.419	0.962	0.764–1.211	0.742	0.788	0.474–1.310	0.358
	No	1.000				1.000			1.000
Hypertension	Yes	3.907		3.315–4.605	<0.001	3.549	2.783–4.527	<0.001	4.265	3.406–5.340	<0.001
	No	1.000				1.000			1.000

Table 4 Binary Logistic Regression Analysis of Relative Handgrip Strength and T2DM

Various	Total			Male			Female
	OR	95% CI	P-value	OR	95% CI	P-value	OR	95% CI	P-value
Relative handgrip strength	0.730	0.568–0.939	0.014	0.879	0.638–1.212	0.432	0.534	0.352–0.809	0.003
Age	0.990	0.980–1.002	0.092	1.000	0.983–1.018	0.971	0.982	0.968–0.997	0.019
Gender
Male	1.000
Female	1.026	0.837–1.257	0.807
Education level
Uneducated	0.634	0.478–0.842	0.002	0.640	0.436–0.940	0.023	0.628	0.404–0.975	0.038
Primary school	0.843	0.638–1.113	0.228	0.783	0.547–1.121	0.182	0.941	0.602–1.469	0.788
Junior school	0.758	0.562–1.022	0.069	0.763	0.525–1.108	0.155	0.753	0.456–1.244	0.269
High school and above	1.000			1.000			1.000
Income
<6500	0.738	0.592–0.919	0.007	0.655	0.487–0.879	0.005	0.880	0.627–1.237	0.463
6500–15,000	0.852	0.654–1.110	0.235	0.708	0.493–1.016	0.061	1.095	0.735–1.630	0.657
15,000–24,000	1.065	0.789–1.438	0.680	1.002	0.651–1.543	0.992	1.196	0.779–1.836	0.414
>24,000	1.000			1.000			1.000
Alcohol use
Yes	0.940	0.794–1.112	0.469	0.862	0.686–1.081	0.199	1.069	0.837–1.366	0.592
No	1.000			1.000			1.000
Smoking
Yes	0.929	0.755–1.144	0.490	0.966	0.767–1.217	0.771	0.806	0.485–1.339	0.404
No	1.000			1.000			1.000
Hypertension
Yes	3.843	3.259–4.531	<0.001	3.520	2.758–4.492	<0.001	4.153	3.315–5.204	<0.001
No	1.000			1.000			1.000

Figure 1 The predictive decision tree model of handgrip strength to T2DM in females.

Figure 2 The predictive decision tree model of relative handgrip strength to T2DM in females.