Prior Diagnosis of Diabetes but Not Its Control is Associated with Higher Depression Score Among Older Individuals

Figures & data

Table 1 The Distribution of Socioeconomic, Lifestyle and Health Characteristics in the Whole Sample and by Diagnosis of Diabetes

	Total		Prior Diagnosis of Diabetes		No Diagnosis of Diabetes		p
	N=464		n=97		n=367
Age [years] (x, sd)	72.70	6.376	73.58	6.31	72.38	6.37	0.078
Gender (woman, n,%)	240	51.7	41.00	42.3	198	54.3	0.036
Education (university, n,%)	216	46.7	48	49.5	167	45.8	0.513
Self-rated health (good and very good, n,%)	244	48.3	29	29.9	195	53.4	<0.001
Self-rated sleep (good and very good, n,%)	250	54.1	45	46.4	205	56.2	0.086
Smoking (ever used, n,%)	255	55.2	56	57.7	199	54.5	0.572
Leisure physical activity (hours, x, sd)	21.1	17.60	16.53	14.01	22.34	18.25	0.001
Perceived control (x, sd)	38.70	7.64	37.45	7.72	39.09	7.59	0.058
Depression (CES-D score, x, sd)	10.70	7.86	12.56	8.89	10.49	7.05	0.021
			n=60		n=260
BMI [kg/m^2] (x, sd)	28.26	4.64	29.75	5.40	27.92	4.39	0.006

Note: N=464.

Table 2 Treatment of Diabetes and Proportion of Patients Reaching the Treatment Targets

	N=97
Age of diagnosis (years, x, sd)	60.03	12.5
Diabetes Treatment
Diet only (n,%)	5	5.2
Oral medication only (n,%)	18	18.6
Insulin only (n,%)	2	2.0
Diet + oral medication (n,%)	54	55.7
Diet + insulin (n,%)	4	4.1
Oral medication + insulin (n, %)	1	1.0
Diet + oral medication + insulin (n,%)	10	10.3
No treatment (n,%)	3	3.09
Blood glucose monitoring
Self-monitoring of blood glucose (n,%)	84	86.6
Self-monitoring of blood glucose (twice a day or more, n,%)	35	36.1
Continuous glucose monitoring (n,%)	16	16.5
Adherence to treatment
Forgetting about medicine (never, n,%)	65	67.5
Unsupervised change of dose (never, n,%)	80	83.3
High-quality diet (n,%)	57	58.8
	N=60
Diabetes control
HbA1c % (x, sd)	6.65	1.00
HbA1c below 7% (n,%)	42	70.0
Glucose mmol/l (x, sd)	7.13	1.94
Glucose below 7 mmol/l (n,%)	36	60.0

Table 3 Distribution of Socioeconomic, Lifestyle, Health Characteristics and Control of Diabetes by Adherence to Diabetes Treatment

	Adheres to Treatment		Does Not Adhere to Treatment		p
	n=38^a		n=58^b
Age [years] (x, sd)	73.16	6.89	74.02	5.86	0.411
Gender (woman, n,%)	13	34.2	28	48.3	0.173
Education (university, n,%)	20	52.6	27	46.6	0.560
Self-rated health (good and very good, n,%)	15	39.5	13	22.4	0.072
Self-rated sleep (good and very good, n,%)	17	44.7	27	46.6	0.861
Smoking (ever used, n,%)	24	63.2	31	53.5	0.347
Leisure physical activity (hours, x, sd)	16.18	13.82	16.82	14.37	0.893
Perceived control (x, sd)	37.09	7.95	37.56	7.66	0.776
Depression (CES-D score, x, sd)	12.32	8.99	12.82	8.95	0.775
	n=26^a		n=33^b
BMI [kg/m^2] (x, sd)	29.21	5.10	30.59	5.90	0.350
HbA1c % (x, sd)	6.77	1.14	6.56	0.90	0.541
HbA1c below 7% (n,%)	17	65.4	25	75.8	0.382
Glucose mmol/l (x, sd)	7.37	2.08	6.97	1.85	0.572
Glucose below 7 mmol/l (n,%)	14	53.9	21	63.6	0.447

Notes: ^aForgets medications or changes medication dosage by him/her-self. ^bAdheres to recommendation.

Figure 1 Relationship between depression score and diabetes diagnosis, and characteristic of adherence to treatment and diabetes control. Each model was adjusted for age and gender.