Relationship Between Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Deficiency and Thyroid Disease in Postmenopausal Women with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Figures & data

Table 1 The Characteristics of Studied Patients

Parameters	Total (n=230)	25(OH)D Deficiency Group (n=157)	25 (OH) D Normal Group (n=73)	p value
Age, years (mean ± SD)	62.4 ± 9.2	62.6 ± 10.5	61.3 ± 7.8	0.322
BMI, kg/m^2 (mean ± SD)	21.7 ± 1.4	21.5 ± 2.1	21.9 ± 1.4	0.072
25(OH)D levels, ng/mL (mean ± SD)	18.30 ± 11.41	10.95 ± 4.57	33.78 ± 2.96	<0.001
Menopausal age, years (mean ± SD)	50.1 ± 1.8	49.0 ± 1.8	48.9 ± 1.7	0.731
HbA1c, % (mean ± SD)	7.74 ± 1.20	7.75 ± 1.14	7.71 ± 1.33	0.789
Smoking status, n (%)				0.304
Never	162 (70.43)	112 (71.34)	50 (68.49)
Current smoker	33 (14.35)	19 (12.10)	14 (19.18)
Past smoker	35 (15.22)	26 (16.56)	9 (12.33)
Length of DM history, n (%)				0.001
< 5 years	91 (39.57)	50 (31.85)	41 (56.16)
5–10 years	105 (45.65)	78 (49.68)	27 (36.98)
> 10 years	34 (14.78)	29 (18.47)	5 (6.85)
Use of insulin, n (%)				0.225
Yes	92 (40.00%)	67 (42.68)	25 (34.25)
No	138 (60.00%)	90 (57.32)	48 (65.75)
Presence of hyperthyroidism, n (%)	34 (14.78)	30 (19.11)	4 (5.48)	0.007
Presence of hypothyroidism, n (%)	53 (23.04)	47 (29.94)	6 (8.22)	<0.001
TPOAb positive, n(%)	99 (43.04)	83 (52.87)	16 (21.92)	<0.001
TgAb positive, n(%)	86 (37.39)	74 (47.13)	12 (16.44)	<0.001

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin A1c; DM, diabetes mellitus; TPOAb, thyroid peroxidase antibody; TgAb, thyroglobulin antibody.

Figure 1 The comparisons of serum 25(OH)D levels in patients with or without TPOAb positive (A), patients with or without TgAb positive (B) and patients with different TSH levels (C).

Note: Statistical differences among the three groups were all p < 0.001.

Abbreviations: TPOAb, thyroid peroxidase antibody; TgAb, thyroglobulin antibody; TSH, thyroid stimulating hormone.

Table 2 Correlation of Different Thyroid Function Parameters with 25(OH)D

Parameters	Correlations with 25(OH)D (r)	p values
TSH levels (mIU/L)	−0.144	0.030
T3 levels (nmol/L)	0.023	0.734
T4 levels (nmol/L)	−0.098	0.140
FT3 levels (nmol/L)	−0.046	0.487
FT4 levels (nmol/L)	−0.145	0.029
TPOAb levels (IU/L)	−0.216	0.001
TgAb levels (IU/L)	−0.150	0.024

Abbreviations: TSH, thyroid stimulating hormone; T3, triiodothyronine; T4, thyroxine; TPOAb, thyroid peroxidase antibody; TgAb, thyroglobulin antibody.

Table 3 Logistic Multivariate Regression Analysis of Risk Factors for 25(OH)D Insufficiency

Factors	Odds Ratio	95% Confidence Interval	p value
Length of DM history	1.996	1.239–3.214	0.004
Presence of hyperthyroidism	3.563	1.126–11.274	0.031
Presence of hypothyroidism	4.102	1.560–10.791	0.004
TPOAb positive	2.694	1.318–5.506	0.007

Abbreviations: DM, diabetes mellitus; TPOAb, thyroid peroxidase antibody.

Data Sharing Statement

The datasets used or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.