Ethnic Variability in Glucose and Insulin Response to Rice Among Healthy Overweight Adults: A Randomized Cross-Over Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Baseline Characteristics of the Participants

Variable	Asian	Arab	European	P-value
Number (n)	23	16	8
Sex Female n (%)	14 (66)	14 (87)	4 (50)	0.94
Age (years)	37.6 ± 5.3	33.1 ± 5.9	42.2 ± 12.1	0.02
Weight (kg)	73.88 ± 9.03	69.38 ± 8.12	79 ± 12.44	0.09
Body Mass Index (kg/m^2)	27.48 ± 2.07	27.05 ± 3.59	25.84 ± 1.40	0.46
Waist circumference (cm)	91 ± 7	85 ± 9	89 ± 6	0.07
Fat mass (%)	25.53 ± 8.0	30.63 ± 8.0	23.17 ± 6.31	0.11
Lean body mass (%)	67.1 ± 6.7	63.03± 5.7	73.0 ± 6.1	0.02
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	130 ± 9	120 ± 10	128 ± 10	0.03
Diastolic Blood pressure (mm Hg)	80 ± 8	74 ± 7	68 ± 6	<0.01
Smoking n (%)	4 (17)	2 (13)	0	0.59
Alcohol n (%)	2 (9)	0	3 (60%)	0.25

Notes: Data are n, n (%), or mean ± SD. P-values relate to the difference between three ethnic groups assessed by One-way ANOVA.

Figure 1 Ethnic variation in postprandial glucose response to glucose beverage and rice.

Figure 2 Ethnic variation in postprandial insulin response to glucose beverage and rice.

Table 2 Fasting and Post Prandial Metabolic Response to Glucose and Rice

Variables	Asian	Arab	European	p-value
Fasting glucose (mmol/L)	5.58 ± 0.51	5.07± 0.32	5.03 ± 0.26	< 0.01
Fasting Insulin, pmol/L	108.09 ± 45.85	71.42 ± 34.86	51.99 ± 9.71	<0.01
HOMA-IR	3.93 ± 1.87	2.35 ± 1.23	1.67 ± 0.26	<0.001
Matsuda Index	3.00 ± 2.00	4.38 ± 2.22	5.64 ± 1.10	<0.01
HOMA-β	150.76 ± 54.62	131.81 ± 56.97	100.10 ± 24.14	0.07
75 gm oral glucose
iAUC-glucose, mmol/L per min	248.37 ± 179.35	336.79 ± 188.17	256.54± 80.67	0.28
iAUC-insulin, pmol/L per min	85,398.05 ± 58,161.67	69,350.71 ± 64,334.78	35,274.05 ± 10,156.32	0.10
Insulinogenic Index	279.70 ± 154.52	195.55 ± 73.6	151.51 ±93.1	0.04
75 gm rice carbohydrate
iAUC-glucose, mmol/L per min	162.42 ± 109.55	160.84 ± 68.90	60.06 ± 62.32	0.03
iAUC-insulin, pmol/L per min	61,131.67 ± 31,170.56	43,342.77 ± 45,554.46	15,092.07 ± 2479.91	0.01
Insulinogenic Index	298.51 ± 170.85	203.30 ± 127.65	312 ± 219.87	0.2

Note: Values are means ± SD.

Abbreviations: iAUC, incremental area under curve; HOMA, homeostasis model assessment.

Table 3 Multivariate Regression Analysis of iAUC-Glucose and iAUC-Insulin to Rice

	Model I Unadjusted, β-Coefficient (95% CI)	p-value	Model II Adjusted, β-Coefficient (95% CI)	p-value
iAUC-glucose-Arab	−9.8(- 54.6, 34.7)	0.65	−8.7 (−38.7, 56.2)	0.71
iAUC glucose-European	−72.5 (−133.3, −11.8)	0.02	−65.7(- 139.2, 7.7)	0.07
Adjusted R2	0.09		0.07
P-value	0.06		0.17
iAUC-insulin-Arab	−13,761 (−31,091.93, 3568.8)	0.11	−10,279 (−28,606, 8048)	0.28
iAUC-insulin-European	−33,003.7 (−56,621, −9386.3)	<0.01	−29,035(−57,404.6, −666.3)	0.04
Adjusted R2	0.14			0.18
P-value	0.02			0.03

Notes: Model 1 was unadjusted; Model II was adjusted for confounders (Age, Sex and BMI). P<0.05 assigned as significant. iAUC glucose and insulin for Asian was considered as base.

Abbreviations: CI, Confidence Interval; OR, Odds Ratio; iAUC, incremental area under curve.