Predictive Value of Noninvasive Peripheral Atherosclerosis Measurement for Coronary Artery Disease in Patients with Long T2DM Duration

Figures & data

Figure 1 The measurement of the carotid plaque score.

Abbreviations: BIF, bifurcation; CCA, common carotid artery; ECA, external carotid artery; ICA, internal carotid artery.

Table 1 Modified Gensini Score System

The Degree of Stenosis (%)	Score	Lesion Location	Weight Coefficient
1–25	1	The second diagonal and other segments	0.5
26–50	2	Right coronary artery	1.0
51–75	4	The mid-distal region of the left circumflex artery	1.0
76–90	8	The distal left anterior descending artery, first diagonal branch	1.0
91–99	16	The mid-region of the left anterior descending artery	1.5
100	32	The proximal left anterior descending artery or proximal left circumflex artery	2.5
		The left main coronary artery	5

Table 2 Patient Characteristics

Variable	All (n=245)	Without CAD (n=80)	With CAD (n=165)	p value
Traditional risk factors
Males, N (%)	137 (55.9%)	42 (52.5%)	95 (57.6%)	0.455
Age (years), mean± SD	68.21±9.50	66.92±9.38	68.84±9.53	0.137
BMI (kg/m2), mean± SD	24.98±3.38	24.87±3.46	25.03±3.35	0.723
T2DM duration (years), mean± SD	12.04± 6.17	11.24±6.26	12.42±6.12	0.16
Alcohol consumption history, N (%)	60 (24.5%)	21 (26.3%)	39 (23.6%)	0.656
Mean SBP (mmHg), mean± SD	138.60±20.44	137.79±19.05	139.00±21.12	0.664
Mean DBP (mmHg), mean± SD	76.12±11.48	77.20±11.29	75.60±11.57	0.307
Triglycerides (mmol/L), median [P25-P75]	1.29 [0.90–1.84]	1.31 [0.86–1.84]	1.25 [0.92–1.85]	0.832
Total cholesterol (mmol/L), mean± SD	4.36±1.30	4.22±1.18	4.43±1.35	0.245
HDL-C (mmol/L), mean± SD	1.16±0.32	1.21±0.29	1.14±0.33	0.107
LDL-C (mmol/L), mean± SD	2.36±0.91	2.27±0.91	2.40±0.90	0.319
Fasting glucose (mmol/L), median [P25-P75]	6.61 [5.65–8.39]	6.62 [5.70–8.10]	6.61 [5.53–8.62]	0.738
Hypertension, N (%)	199 (81.2%)	63 (78.8%)	136 (82.4%)	0.49
Smoking
Current smoking, N (%)	50 (20.4%)	10 (12.5%)	40 (24.2%)	0.032
Former smoker, N (%)	40 (16.3%)	15 (18.8%)	25 (15.2%)	0.475
Assessment of atherosclerosis
CAD, N (%)	165 (67.3%)
Gensini score, median [P25-P75]	12.5 [5–29.8]	3.5 [1.00–7.00]	20 [12–41.5]	<0.001
Femoral plaques, N (%)	161 (65.7%)	42 (52.5%)	119 (72.1%)	0.002
C-IMT (mm), median [P25-P75]	0.83 [0.8–1]	0.80 [0.80–0.9]	0.85 [0.80–1.05]	0.077
CPS, median [P25-P75]	2.2 [0–5.15]	0 [0–2.1]	3.60 [1.60–5.80]	<0.001

Abbreviations: CAD, coronary artery disease; C-IMT, carotid intima-media thickness; CPS, carotid plaque score; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; T2DM, type 2 Diabetes mellitus.

Table 3 Logistic Regression Analysis of Factors Associated with the Presence of CAD

Variables	Univariate		Multivariate
	OR (95% CI)	p value	OR (95% CI)	p value
Smoking	2.240(1.056–4.752)	0.036	2.816(1.143–6.938)	0.024
Femoral plaques	2.341(1.343–4.078)	0.003	1.965(1.081–3.569)	0.027
C-IMT	3.739(1.023–13.669)	0.046	2.096(0.489–8.988)	0.319
CPS	1.370(1.210–1.552)	<0.001	1.346(1.177–1.540)	<0.001

Abbreviations: CAD, coronary artery disease; C-IMT, carotid intima-media thickness; CPS, carotid plaque score; CI, confidence interval; OR: odds ratio.

Figure 2 Receiver operating characteristics curves (for the prediction of CAD (≥50% stenosis)) by C-IMT or femoral plaque, traditional model or CPS measurements.

Abbreviations: CAD, coronary artery disease; C-IMT, carotid intima-media thickness; CPS, carotid plaque score.

Figure 3 Associations between the carotid plaque score (A), mean C-IMT (B), and femoral artery plaque (C) and the severity of CAD (evaluated by Gensini score).

Abbreviations: CAD, coronary artery disease; C-IMT, carotid intima-media thickness; FAP, femoral artery plaque.