Diabetes Mellitus Knowledge, Attitudes, Preventive Practices and Associated Factors Among a Sample of Adult Non-Diabetic Saudi Residents

Figures & data

Table 1 General Characteristics of the Study Participants (n = 1207)

Demographics	Mean±SD
Age (years)	27.68±10.9
Weight in Kg	62.02±14.0
Height (Cm)	162.54±10.0
BMI	23.49±5.10
Variables	Frequency	Percent
Gender
Female	798	66.1
Male	409	33.9
Nationality
No- Saudi	112	9.3
Saudi	1095	90.7
Marital Status
Divorced	29	2.4
Married	321	26.6
Single	857	71.0
Educational Level
Students	616	50.5
Primary	8	0.2
High School	407	7.9
Graduate	95	33.7
Masters	66	0.5
PhD	18	5.5
Family income/month (SR)
(10,000–15,000)	113	9.4
(15,000–20,000)	78	6.5
(5000–10,000)	156	12.9
Less than 5000	801	66.4
More than 20,000	59	4.9
Do you have family history of DM (type 1 or type 2)?
Yes	723	59.9
No	484	40.1

Abbreviation: BMI, Body mass index.

Figure 1 Comparison of participants responses according to knowledgeable and not knowledgeable, positive and negative attitudes and good and poor practices groups.

Table 2 Difference Between Knowledgeable and Not Knowledgeable Participants Scores Across Different Study Variables (N = 1207)

Demographics	Knowledgeable (n=807)	Not Knowledgeable (n=400)	P-value
Age (years)
=<35	641(79.4)	320(80)	0.817
>35	166(20.6)	80(20)
Gender
Female	542(67.2)	256(64)	0.275
Male	265(32.8)	144(36)
Nationality
No- Saudi	75(9.3)	37(9.3)	0.980
Saudi	732(90.7)	363(90.7)
Marital Status
Divorced	18(2.2)	11(2.8)	0.734
Married	219(27.1)	102(25.5)
Single	570(70.6)	287(71.8)
Educational level
Students	408(50.6)	202(50.5)	0.437
High School	270(33.5)	137(34.3)
Graduate	67(8.3)	28(7)
Masters	44(5.5)	22(5.5)
PhD	12(1.5)	6(1.5)
Monthly income (SR)
(10,000–15,000)	73(9)	40(10)	0.918
(15,000–20,000)	52(6.4)	26(6.5)
(5000–10,000)	102(12.6)	54(13.5)
Less than 5000	538(66.7)	263(65.8)
More than 20,000	42(5.2)	17(4.3)
Do you have family history of DM (type 1 or type 2)?
Yes	532(65.9)	191(47.8)	<0.001*
No	275(34.1)	209(52.2)

Note: *p is significant (p<0.05).

Table 3 Difference Between Participants’ Positive and Negative Attitude Scores, Good and Poor Practice Scores Across Different Study Variables (N = 1207)

Demographics	Attitude		P-value	Practice		P-value
	Positive Attitude (n=630)	Negative Attitude (n=577)		Good Practice (n=750)	Poor Practice (n=457)
Age (years)
=<35	494 (78.4)	467 (80.9)	0.277	595 (79.3)	366 (80.1)	0.752
>35	136 (21.6)	110 (19.1)		155 (20.7)	91 (19.9)
Gender
Female	419 (66.5)	379 (65.7)	0.763	503 (67.1)	295 (64.6)	0.371
Male	211 (33.5)	198 (34.3)		247 (32.9)	162 (35.4)
Nationality
No- Saudi	50 (7.9)	62 (10.7)	0.093	63 (8.4)	49 (10.7)	0.177
Saudi	580 (92.1)	515 (89.3)		687 (91.6)	408 (89.3)
Marital Status
Divorced	15 (2.4)	14 (2.4)	0.623	18 (2.4)	11 (2.4)	0.829
Married	175 (27.8)	146 (25.3)		204 (27.2)	117 (25.6)
Single	440 (69.8)	417 (72.3)		528 (70.4)	329 (72.0)
Educational level
Students	325 (51.6)	285 (49.4)	0.576	382 (50.9)	228 (49.9)	0.44
High School	206 (32.7)	201 (34.8)		247 (32.9)	160 (35)
Graduate	50 (7.9)	45 (7.8)		62 (8.3)	33 (7.2)
Masters	34 (5.4)	32 (5.5)		43 (5.7)	23 (5)
PhD	9 (1.4)	9 (1.6)		10 (1.3)	8 (1.8)
Monthly income (SR)
(10,000–15,000)	61 (9.7)	52 (9)	0.963	70 (9.3)	43 (9.4)	0.999
(15,000–20,000)	41 (6.5)	37 (6.4)		48 (6.4)	30 (6.6)
(5000–10,000)	84 (13.3)	72 (12.5)		96 (12.8)	60 (13.1)
Less than 5000	412 (65.4)	389 (67.4)		499 (66.5)	302 (66.1)
More than 20,000	32 (5.1)	27 (4.7)		37 (4.9)	22 (4.8)
Do you have family history of DM (type 1 or type 2)?
Yes	425 (67.5)	298 (51.6)	<0.001*	498 (66.4)	225 (42.9)	<0.001*
No	205 (32.5)	279 (48.4)		252 (33.6)	232 (50.8)

Notes: The table format and questions have been adapted from a previously published study by Kassahun CW, Mekonen AG. Knowledge, attitude, practices and their associated factors towards diabetes mellitus among non diabetes community members of Bale Zone administrative towns, South East Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study. PLoS One. 2017;12:e0170040.¹⁷ *p is significant (p<0.05).

Table 4 Frequency Distribution of Participants’ Response of Knowledge Towards Diabetes Mellitus (n = 1207)

Knowledge Questions	Responses
	Yes		No		Do Not Know
What is/are DM	Frequency	%	Frequency	%	Frequency	%
DM is a condition of insufficient insulin production	512	42.42	265	21.96	430	35.63
DM is a condition of the body which not respond to insulin	654	54.18	132	10.94	421	34.88
DM is a condition of a high level of sugar in the blood	753	62.39	211	17.48	243	20.13
DM is not curable	842	69.76	250	20.71	115	9.53
DM is a disease that affects any part of the body	749	62.05	188	15.58	270	22.37
What are the risk factors for DM
Older age	712	58.99	265	21.96	230	19.06
Genetic or family history of diabetes mellitus	603	49.96	361	29.91	243	20.13
Being overweight /Obesity	810	67.11	119	9.86	278	23.03
Pregnancy	542	44.90	214	17.73	451	37.37
Sedentary lifestyle	555	45.98	365	30.24	287	23.78
Poor dietary habits	922	76.39	127	10.52	158	13.09
Not getting enough exercise can predispose to diabetes	623	51.62	269	22.29	315	26.10
Signs and symptoms of DM		0.00		0.00	1207	100.00
Frequent urination	651	53.94	122	10.11	434	35.96
Excessive thirst	569	47.14	255	21.13	383	31.73
Excessive hunger	256	21.21	365	30.24	586	48.55
Weight loss	351	29.08	456	37.78	400	33.14
High blood sugar	514	42.58	325	26.93	368	30.49
Blurred vision	663	54.93	411	34.05	133	11.02
Slow healing of cuts and wounds	561	46.48	319	26.43	327	27.09
Feeling of weakness	822	68.10	254	21.04	131	10.85
Control and management of DM is possible by
Insulin injection	541	44.82	452	37.45	214	17.73
Tablets	488	40.43	446	36.95	273	22.62
Regular Exercise	652	54.02	421	34.88	134	11.10
Practices healthy diet	523	43.33	362	29.99	322	26.68
Regular eye checkups and care	451	37.37	321	26.59	435	36.04
Regular feet and toes medical checkups and care	321	26.59	259	21.46	627	51.95
Weight reduction	259	21.46	361	29.91	587	48.63
DM can cause
Eye problems or even blindness	553	45.82	332	27.51	322	26.68
Kidney failure	652	54.02	442	36.62	113	9.36
Heart failure	521	43.16	310	25.68	376	31.15
Brain diseases like Stroke	361	29.91	442	36.62	404	33.47
Amputation of limb	349	28.91	320	26.51	538	44.57

Notes: The table format and questions have been adapted from a previously published study by Kassahun CW, Mekonen AG. Knowledge, attitude, practices and their associated factors towards diabetes mellitus among non diabetes community members of Bale Zone administrative towns, South East Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study. PLoS One. 2017;12:e0170040.¹⁷

Table 5 Frequency Distribution of Participants’ Response to Attitude Questions Towards Diabetes Mellitus (n = 1207)

Attitude Questions	Responses
	Agree		Disagree		Neutral
	Frequency	%	Frequency	%	Frequency	%
Do you think that you should be examined for DM?	800	66.3	118	9.8	289	23.9
Do you think family members should be screened for DM?	899	74.5	59	4.9	249	20.6
Do you think we should avoid consuming too much sugar to control DM?	979	81.1	37	3.1	191	15.8
DM is not seriously affecting the marital relationship.	301	24.9	388	32.1	518	42.9
I do not think DM seriously affects daily activities.	307	25.4	519	43.0	381	31.6
Do you think physical activity can prevent the risk of DM?	907	75.1	39	3.2	261	21.6
Do you think maintaining a healthy weight is important in managing diabetes?	1035	85.7	23	1.9	149	12.3

Notes: The table format and questions have been adapted from a previously published study by Kassahun CW, Mekonen AG. Knowledge, attitude, practices and their associated factors towards diabetes mellitus among non diabetes community members of Bale Zone administrative towns, South East Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study. PLoS One. 2017;12:e0170040.¹⁷

Table 6 Frequency Distribution of Participants’ Response to Practice Questions Regarding Diabetes Mellitus (n = 1207)

Practice Questions	Responses
	Not at All	%	Less Frequent	%	Not Sure	%	Frequent	%	Very Frequent	%
Do you consume fatty foods?/	145	12	459	38	237	19.6	320	26.5	46	3.8
Do you do 30–60 mins physical activity daily? Eg, Brisk walking, house activities, climbing stairs.	208	17.2	290	24	218	18.1	338	28	153	12.7
Do you try to maintain a healthy weight?	385	31.9	354	29.3	223	18.5	156	12.9	89	7.4
Do you smoke tobacco?	77	6.4	94	7.8	74	6.1	72	6	890	73.7
Do you check your blood sugar regularly?	48	4	74	6.1	128	10.6	253	21.0	704	58.3

Notes: The table format and questions have been adapted from a previously published study by Kassahun CW, Mekonen AG. Knowledge, attitude, practices and their associated factors towards diabetes mellitus among non diabetes community members of Bale Zone administrative towns, South East Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study. PLoS One. 2017;12:e0170040.¹⁷

Table 7 Binary Logistic Regression Predicting Diabetes Mellitus-Related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Among Study Participants (N = 1207)

Variables	Responses	Knowledge vs Demographics		Attitude vs Demographics		Practices vs Demographics
		P-value	Odds Ratio	P-value	Odds Ratio	P-value	Odds Ratio
Gender	Male		Reference		Reference		Reference
	Female	0.418	0.897	0.961	1.006	0.587	0.932
Nationality	Non-Saudi		Reference		Reference		Reference
	Saudi	0.873	1.035	0.069	1.458	0.140	1.360
Marital status	Single		Reference		Reference		Reference
	Married	0.714	1.159	0.837	0.923	0.811	0.908
	Divorced	0.290	0.842	0.391	0.877	0.382	0.871
Education level	Students		Reference		Reference		Reference
	High School	0.023*	1.563	0.223	0.621	0.541	0.521
	Graduate	0.564	0.984	0.447	0.321	0.851	0.555
	Masters	0.361	0.756	0.036*	2.356	0.001*	3.214
	PhD	0.514	0.884	0.001*	1.911	0.028*	3.156
Monthly income (SR)	<5000		Reference		Reference		Reference
	5000–10,000	0.426	1.331	0.964	1.015	0.935	1.028
	10,001–15,000	0.520	1.280	0.722	1.134	0.787	1.104
	150,001–20,000	0.468	1.282	0.992	1.003	0.926	1.031
	>20,000	0.838	1.066	0.967	1.012	0.720	0.901
Do you have family history of DM (type 1 or type 2)?	No		Reference		Reference		Reference
	Yes	<0.001*	2.105	<0.001*	1.950	<0.001*	2.036
Positive attitude		0.565	0.951
Good practice		0.696	0.882	0.551	0.741

Note: *p is significant (p<0.05).

Kassahun CW, Mekonen AG. Knowledge, attitude, practices and their associated factors towards diabetes mellitus among non diabetes community members of Bale Zone administrative towns, South East Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study. PLoS One. 2017;12:e0170040. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0170040

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