Fasting Plasma Glucose and Glycated Hemoglobin Levels as Risk Factors for the Development of Hypertension: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Figures & data

Figure 1 Flowchart of study participants. *No known DM, fasting plasma glucose > 7.0 mmol/L or HbA1c ≥ 6.5%.

Abbreviations: HTN, hypertension; DM, diabetes mellitus; IHD, ischemic heart disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CVA, cerebrovascular accident.

Table 1 Baseline Characteristics of Study Participants

Variables	Total (n = 16,026)	Normoglycemic (n = 7151)	Prediabetes (n = 8875)	P value
Gender, n (%)				< 0.001
Female	6319 (39.4)	2949 (41.2)	3370 (38)
Male	9707 (60.6)	4202 (58.8)	5505 (62)
Age (years)	44.6 ± 12.5	41.3 ± 11.4	47.2 ± 12.8	< 0.001
Height (cm)	163.6 ± 7.8	164.0 ± 7.8	163.4 ± 7.8	< 0.001
Weight (kg)	63.6 ± 11.6	62.5 ± 11.3	64.5 ± 11.7	< 0.001
BMI (kg/m^2)	23.7 ± 3.3	23.2 ± 3.2	24.1 ± 3.3	< 0.001
SBP (mm Hg)	115.8 ± 16.0	113.4 ± 14.9	117.8 ± 16.5	< 0.001
DBP (mm Hg)	77.3 ± 10.3	76.4 ± 10.2	78.1 ± 10.3	< 0.001
HDL (mmol/L)	1.4 ± 0.4	1.4 ± 0.4	1.4 ± 0.4	0.071
LDL(mmol/L)	2.7 ± 0.8	2.7 ± 0.8	2.8 ± 0.8	< 0.001
FPG(mmol/L)	5.1 ± 0.5	4.9 ± 0.4	5.2 ± 0.5	< 0.001
HBA1c %	5.6 ± 0.4	5.2 ± 0.3	5.9 ± 0.3	< 0.001
TG* (mmol/L)	1.5 (1.1, 2.3)	1.4 (1.0, 2.1)	1.6 (1.1, 2.4)	< 0.001

Notes: *Data are the median and the interquartile range.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; TG, triglycerides.

Table 2 Univariate Logistic Regression Analysis for Hypertension

Variable	OR (95% CI)	P value
Gender
Female	Ref.
Male	1.96 (1.79~2.15)	<0.001
Age (years)	1.05 (1.04~1.05)	<0.001
Height (cm)	1.01 (1~1.02)	<0.001
Weight (kg)	1.05 (1.04~1.05)	<0.001
BMI (kg/m^2)	1.22 (1.2~1.23)	<0.001
SBP (mm Hg)	1.24 (1.23~1.25)	<0.001
DBP (mm Hg)	1.55 (1.53~1.58)	<0.001
TG (mmol/L)	1.2 (1.17~1.22)	<0.001
HDL (mmol/L)	0.48 (0.42~0.54)	<0.001
LDL (mmol/L)	1.16 (1.1~1.22)	<0.001
FPG (mmol/L)	2.35 (2.17~2.54)	<0.001
HBA1c %	1.57 (1.43~1.74)	<0.001
Prediabetes vs normoglycemic	1.53 (1.41~1.67)	<0.001

Abbreviations: OR, odd ratios; CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TG, triglycerides; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; FPG, fasting plasma glucose.

Table 3 Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis for Hypertension

Variable	Non-adjusted Model		Model I		Model II
	OR (95% CI)	P-value	OR (95% CI)	P-value	OR (95% CI)	P-value
FPG	2.35 (2.17~2.54)	<0.001	1.49 (1.37~1.62)	<0.001	1.44 (1.32~1.57)	<0.001
HBA1c	1.57 (1.43~1.74)	<0.001	0.93 (0.84~1.03)	0.16	0.92 (0.83~1.02)	0.115

Notes: Model I: Adjusted for gender + age +BMI, Model II: adjusted for Model I+ TG + HDL + LDL.

Abbreviations: OR, odd ratios; CI, confidence interval; FPG, fasting plasma glucose.

Table 4 Baseline Characteristics of Group

Variables	Total (n = 16,026)	Group 1 (n = 7151)	Group 2 (n = 817)	Group 3 (n = 6225)	Group 4 (n = 1833)	P-value
Gender, n (%)						< 0.001
Female	6319 (39.4)	2949 (41.2)	221 (27.1)	2587 (41.6)	562 (30.7)
Male	9707 (60.6)	4202 (58.8)	596 (72.9)	3638 (58.4)	1271 (69.3)
Age (years)	44.6 ± 12.5	41.3 ± 11.4	48.6 ± 12.4	46.0 ± 12.7	50.7 ± 12.7	< 0.001
Height (cm)	163.6 ± 7.8	164.0 ± 7.8	164.4 ± 7.9	163.1 ± 7.9	163.8 ± 7.4	< 0.001
Weight (kg)	63.6 ± 11.6	62.5 ± 11.3	66.4 ± 11.2	63.4 ± 11.7	67.4 ± 11.4	< 0.001
BMI (kg/m^2)	23.7 ± 3.3	23.2 ± 3.2	24.5 ± 3.1	23.7 ± 3.4	25.0 ± 3.2	< 0.001
SBP (mm Hg)	115.8 ± 16.0	113.4 ± 14.9	122.7 ± 16.7	115.5 ± 15.9	123.5 ± 16.5	< 0.001
DBP (mm Hg)	77.3 ± 10.3	76.4 ± 10.2	81.0 ± 10.5	76.8 ± 10.1	81.2 ± 10.1	< 0.001
HDL (mmol/L)	1.4 ± 0.4	1.4 ± 0.4	1.3 ± 0.4	1.4 ± 0.4	1.3 ± 0.4	< 0.001
LDL(mmol/L)	2.7 ± 0.8	2.7 ± 0.8	2.7 ± 0.9	2.8 ± 0.8	2.8 ± 0.9	< 0.001
FPG(mmol/L)	5.1 ± 0.5	4.9 ± 0.4	5.9 ± 0.3	5.0 ± 0.3	5.9 ± 0.3	< 0.001
HBA1c %	5.6 ± 0.4	5.2 ± 0.3	5.3 ± 0.3	5.9 ± 0.2	6.0 ± 0.2	< 0.001
HTN, n (%)						< 0.001
Normal	13,353 (83.3)	6188 (86.5)	599 (73.3)	5252 (84.4)	1314 (71.7)
Hypertension	2673 (16.7)	963 (13.5)	218 (26.7)	973 (15.6)	519 (28.3)
TG* (mmol/L)	1.5 (1.1, 2.3)	1.4 (1.0, 2.1)	1.8 (1.3, 2.9)	1.5 (1.0, 2.2)	1.9 (1.3, 2.8)	< 0.001

Note: *Data are the median and the interquartile range.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HTN, hypertension; TG, triglycerides.

Figure 2 The association of different measures of glycemic control and their association with HTN.