Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 4G/5G (rs1799889) Polymorphism in Chinese Patients with Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension

Figures & data

Figure 1 The overall design of this study.

Abbreviations: HC, healthy controls; DM, diabetes mellitus; HTN, hypertension; PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; RT-PCR, real-time PCR.

Table 1 The Baseline Characteristics of the Participants in This Study

Variables	HC (n = 132)	DM (n = 68)	HTN (n = 70)	DM+HTN (n = 70)
Age, Median (Q1, Q3)	37 (31, 43)	53 (38.75, 59)^a	54 (40.5, 67.5)^b	59 (51, 67)^c
Sex, n (%)
Female	92 (70)	32 (47)^a	33 (47)^b	29 (41)^c
Male	40 (30)	36 (53)	37 (53)	41 (59)
PAI-1 genotype, n (%)
4G/4G	34 (26)	21 (31)	21 (30)	17 (24)
4G/5G	70 (53)	30 (44)	36 (51)	35 (50)
5G/5G	28 (21)	17 (25)	13 (19)	18 (26)
SBP, mmHg, Median (Q1, Q3)	104.5 (99.75, 115)	121 (114.5, 128.75)^a	140.5 (136.5, 152.5)^b	150 (140, 163.25)^c
DBP, mmHg, Median (Q1, Q3)	66 (62, 72)	78 (70, 81.75)^a	90 (80, 100)^b	90 (80, 98)^c
HbA1c, %, Median (Q1, Q3)	5.3 (5.1, 5.4)	7.4 (6.93, 8.97)^a	5.6 (5.3, 5.8)^b	7.5 (6.6, 8.8)^c
WBC, ×10^9/L, Median (Q1, Q3)	5.47 (4.94, 6.37)	6.51 (5.61, 8.21)^a	6.55 (5.63, 8.27)^b	6.74 (5.66, 7.8)^c
L, ×10^9/L, Median (Q1, Q3)	1.76 (1.45, 2.02)	2.09 (1.73, 2.6)^a	2.01 (1.55, 2.62)^b	2.03 (1.58, 2.4)^c
N, ×10^9/L, Median (Q1, Q3)	3.35 (2.78, 3.93)	4.06 (3.03, 5.25)^a	3.97 (3.04, 5.18)^b	3.97 (3.23, 5.29)^c
NLR, Median (Q1, Q3)	1.86 (1.54, 2.31)	1.76 (1.4, 2.6)	1.92 (1.56, 2.5)	1.92 (1.61, 2.84)
PLR, Median (Q1, Q3)	129.88 (108.44, 162.21)	115.61 (96.73, 138.32)^a	117.78 (96.29, 147.02)^b	112.45 (93.36, 151.1)
RBC, ×10^12/L, Median (Q1, Q3)	4.5 (4.31, 4.77)	4.8 (4.47, 5.05)^a	4.58 (4.10, 4.95)	4.73 (4.32, 5.1)^c
Hb, g/L, Median (Q1, Q3)	135 (128, 147)	142.5 (132, 156.25)^a	138.5 (128, 148.75)	142.5 (132.25, 151.75)^c
PLT, ×10^9/L, Median (Q1, Q3)	234 (200.75, 261)	241 (207.5, 285.5)	243.5 (203.25, 301)	231.5 (183.5, 270.5)
Glu, mmol/L, Median (Q1, Q3)	5 (4.7, 5.2)	8.4 (7.07, 11.17)^a	5.3 (4.82, 5.6)^b	7.5 (6.7, 9.2)^c
TC, mmol/L, Median (Q1, Q3)	4.47 (4.08, 4.93)	4.45 (4.04, 5.16)	5.22 (4.28, 6.2)^b	4.61 (3.74, 5.31)
TG, mmol/L, Median (Q1, Q3)	0.77 (0.59, 1.02)	1.48 (1.13, 2.03)^a	1.73 (1.23, 2.5)^b	1.45 (1.07, 2.68)^c
HDL-C, mmol/L, Median (Q1, Q3)	1.38 (1.25, 1.59)	1.12 (0.90, 1.25)^a	1.19 (1.02, 1.48)^b	1.09 (0.93, 1.27)^c
LDL-C, mmol/L, Median (Q1, Q3)	2.72 (2.26, 3.01)	2.69 (2.06, 3.38)	2.89 (2.19, 3.90)^b	2.53 (1.93, 3.19)

Notes: ^aP<0.05 when comparing the DM group with HC group; ^bP<0.05 when comparing the HTN group with HC group; ^cP<0.05 when comparing the DM+HC group with HC group.

Abbreviations: HC, healthy controls; DM, diabetes mellitus; HTN, hypertension; PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; WBC, white blood cell counts; L, lymphocyte counts; N, neutrophil counts; NLR, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; PLR, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio; RBC, red blood cell counts; Hb, hemoglobin; PLT, platelet counts; Glu, glucose; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Table 2 Detection of the Genotypes of PAI-1 4G/5G by the Sequencing Method and the RT-PCR Method

Group	Number of Cases	Sequencing			RT-PCR			Kappa value	P value
		4G/4G	4G/5G	5G/5G	4G/4G	4G/5G	5G/5G
DM	17	5	7	5	5	7	5	1	<0.001
HTN	60	17	31	12	17	31	12	1	<0.001
DM+HTN	46	14	22	10	14	22	10	1	<0.001
HC	60	16	36	8	16	36	8	1	<0.001

Abbreviations: HC, healthy controls; DM, diabetes mellitus; HTN, hypertension.

Table 3 Results of the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) Test for Different Groups

Group	Number of Cases	PAI-1 Genotypes			Chi-Square value	P value
		4G/4G	4G/5G	5G/5G
Total subjects	340	76	171	93	0.024	0.877
HC	132	28	70	34	0.521	0.471
DM	68	17	30	21	0.893	0.345
HTN	70	13	36	21	0.125	0.724
DM+HTN	70	18	35	17	<0.001	0.999

Abbreviations: HC, healthy controls; DM, diabetes mellitus; HTN, hypertension; PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1.

Table 4 Analysis of the Association Between the PAI-1 4G/5G Polymorphism and DM Risk

Model	Cases	Controls	P value	OR	95% CI	Adjusted^a P value	Adjusted^a OR	Adjusted^a 95% CI
Allele
5G	64	126		1	–
4G	72	138	0.899	1.027	0.679–1.555	0.682	1.102	0.693–1.751
Genotype
5G/5G	17	28		1	–
4G/5G	30	70	0.356	0.706	0.337–1.478	0.588	0.786	0.329–1.879
4G/4G	21	34	0.967	1.017	0.452–2.291	0.803	1.118	0.467–2.679
Dominant model
5G/5G	17	28		1	–
4G/5G+4G/4G	51	104	0.544	0.808	0.405–1.610	0.805	0.908	0.421–1.959
Recessive model
4G/5G+5G/5G	47	98		1	–
4G/4G	21	34	0.443	1.288	0.675–2.456	0.382	1.379	0.672–2.830
Additive model
5G/5G	17	28	0.899	1.027	0.678–1.556	0.686	1.099	0.695–1.739
4G/5G	30	70
4G/4G	21	34

Note: ^aCorrected for sex and age.

Abbreviations: OR, Odds Ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval.

Table 5 Analysis of the Association Between the PAI-1 4G/5G Polymorphism and HTN Risk

Model	Cases	Controls	P value	OR	95% CI	Adjusted^a P value	Adjusted^a OR	Adjusted^a 95% CI
Allele
5G	62	126		1	–
4G	78	138	0.509	1.149	0.761–1.734	0.294	1.305	0.794–2.144
Genotype
5G/5G	13	28		1	–
4G/5G	36	70	0.795	1.108	0.512–2.395	0.497	1.391	0.537–3.606
4G/4G	21	34	0.512	1.33	0.567–3.124	0.295	1.731	0.620–4.834
Dominant model
5G/5G	13	28		1	–
4G/5G+4G/4G	57	104	0.657	1.181	0.567–2.457	0.372	1.497	0.618–3.629
Recessive model
4G/5G+5G/5G	49	98		1	–
4G/4G	21	34	0.52	1.235	0.649–2.350	0.414	1.365	0.647–2.880
Additive model
5G/5G	13	28	0.498	1.158	0.758–1.770	0.298	1.3	0.793–2.131
4G/5G	36	70
4G/4G	21	34

Note: ^aCorrected for sex and age.

Abbreviations: OR, Odds Ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval.

Table 6 Analysis of the Association Between the PAI-1 4G/5G Polymorphism and DM+HTN Risk

Model	Cases	Controls	P value	OR	95% CI	Adjusted^a P value	Adjusted^a OR	Adjusted^a 95% CI
Allele
5G	71	126		1	–
4G	69	138	0.568	0.887	0.589–1.337	0.496	0.809	0.438–1.491
Genotype
5G/5G	18	28		1	–
4G/5G	35	70	0.493	0.778	0.379–1.594	0.774	1.172	0.397–3.455
4G/4G	17	34	0.553	0.778	0.339–1.784	0.553	0.669	0.178–2.523
Dominant model
5G/5G	18	28		1	–
4G/5G+4G/4G	52	104	0.468	0.778	0.394–1.534	0.937	0.959	0.341–2.696
Recessive model
4G/5G+5G/5G	53	98		1	–
4G/4G	17	34	0.819	0.925	0.473–1.809	0.317	0.601	0.222–1.630
Additive model
5G/5G	18	28	0.56	0.883	0.581–1.342	0.496	0.807	0.436–1.494
4G/5G	35	70
4G/4G	17	34

Note: ^aCorrected for sex and age.

Abbreviations: OR, Odds Ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval.

Figure 2 Differences in clinical characteristics of individuals carrying various PAI-1 genotypes in the HC cohort.

Abbreviations: SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; WBC, white blood cell counts; L, lymphocyte counts; N, neutrophil counts; NLR, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; PLR, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio; RBC, red blood cell counts; Hb, hemoglobin; PLT, platelet counts; Glu, glucose; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Figure 3 Differences in clinical characteristics of individuals carrying various PAI-1 genotypes in the DM cohort. *P<0.05.

Abbreviations: SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; WBC, white blood cell counts; L, lymphocyte counts; N, neutrophil counts; NLR, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; PLR, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio; RBC, red blood cell counts; Hb, hemoglobin; PLT, platelet counts; Glu, glucose; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Figure 4 Differences in clinical characteristics of individuals carrying various PAI-1 genotypes in the HTN cohort. *P<0.05.

Abbreviations: SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; WBC, white blood cell counts; L, lymphocyte counts; N, neutrophil counts; NLR, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; PLR, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio; RBC, red blood cell counts; Hb, hemoglobin; PLT, platelet counts; Glu, glucose; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Figure 5 Differences in clinical characteristics of individuals carrying various PAI-1 genotypes in the DM+HTN cohort. *P<0.05.

Abbreviations: SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; WBC, white blood cell counts; L, lymphocyte counts; N, neutrophil counts; NLR, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; PLR, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio; RBC, red blood cell counts; Hb, hemoglobin; PLT, platelet counts; Glu, glucose; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.