Serum Isthmin-1 Was Increased in Type 2 Diabetic Patients but Not in Diabetic Sensorimotor Peripheral Neuropathy

Figures & data

Table 1 Characteristics of All Participants

	T2DM (n =120)	Control (n =60)	P value
Gender (Male, %)	73(60.8%)	35(58.3%)	0.747
Age (years)	53.58±10.56	51.12±9.35	0.127
Height (m)	1.66±0.07	1.66±0.07	0.836
Body weight (Kg)	73.06±11.94	68.30±10.70	<0.05*
BMI (Kg/m^2)	25.89(23.92–28.72)	24.67(23.03–26.18)	0.001*
SBP (mmHg)	128.00(122.00–137.00)	127.00(116.00–144.50)	0.506
DBP (mmHg)	76.00(72.00–84.00)	79.00(68.25–85.00)	0.925
FPG (mmol/L)	9.31(7.05–12.86)	5.12(4.79–5.30)	<0.001*
C-peptide (ng/mL)	2.21(1.69–3.12)	1.97(1.61–2.33)	<0.05*
HOMA2-β	46.20(25.78–70.25)	119.50(101.03–137.58)	<0.001*
HOMA2-IR	2.03(1.49–3.13)	1.42(1.17–1.75)	<0.001*
HbA1c (%)	9.00(7.53–10.90)	5.60(5.50–5.90)	<0.001*
BUN (mmol/L)	5.71(5.01–7.01)	4.50(3.80–5.60)	<0.001*
Cr (μmol/L)	56.15(45.00–68.80)	62.00(44.25–68.00)	0.685
Uric acid (μmol/L)	296.70(242.48–353.00)	309.00(238.00–371.50)	0.426
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m^2)	107.44(98.82–116.12)	108.59(102.21–114.38)	0.448
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.15(0.95–1.31)	1.20(1.04–1.41)	0.084
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.63(1.94–3.21)	2.91(2.31–3.33)	0.141
TG (mmol/L)	1.81(1.22–2.85)	1.50(1.01–2.39)	<0.05*
TC (mmol/L)	4.53(3.96–5.41)	4.79(4.13–5.32)	0.684
ISM1 (ng/mL)	7.78(6.33–9.06)	5.22(3.86–6.04)	<0.001*

Note: *P<0.05.

Abbreviations: T2DM, type 2 diabetes; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HOMA2-β, Homeostasis model 2 assessment-β; HOMA2-IR, homeostasis model 2 assessment of insulin resistance. HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin A1c; BUN, urea nitrogen; Cr, creatinine; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; TC, total cholesterol; ISM1, Isthmin-1.

Table 2 Correlation Analysis Between Serum ISM1 and Baseline Characteristics in T2DM

	ISM1			ISM1
	r	P		r	P
Gender	0.297	0.001*	HbA1c (%)	0.097	0.293
Age (years)	0.197	<0.05*	BUN (mmol/L)	−0.057	0.535
BMI (Kg/m^2)	−0.068	0.461	Cr (μ mol/L)	−0.147	0.109
SBP (mmHg)	−0.046	0.617	Uric acid (μ mol/L)	0.006	0.949
DBP (mmHg)	0.071	0.441	eGFR (mL/min/1.73m^2)	−0.099	0.280
FPG (mmol/L)	0.069	0.451	HDL-C (mmol/L)	0.194	<0.05*
C-peptide (ng/mL)	−0.048	0.599	LDL-C (mmol/L)	0.205	<0.05*
HOMA2-β	−0.091	0.322	TG (mmol/L)	0.047	0.609
HOMA2-IR	0.008	0.930	TC (mmol/L)	0.156	0.089

Note: *P<0.05.

Abbreviations: T2DM, type 2 diabetes; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HOMA2-β, Homeostasis model 2 assessment-β; HOMA2-IR, homeostasis model 2 assessment of insulin resistance. HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin A1c; BUN, urea nitrogen; Cr, creatinine; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; TC, total cholesterol; ISM1, Isthmin-1.

Figure 1 The concentration of serum ISM1 in different groups.

Notes: The figures show the level of serum ISM1 in the different groups. (A) DM group compared to controls. (B) DSPN group compared to the non-DSPN group. C. obese patients compared to lean and overweight in females (C), males (D), and all patients (E) based on BMI and gender. *P <0.05, ****P <0.001, ns: P >0.05.

Abbreviations: T2DM, type 2 diabetes; DSPN, diabetic sensorimotor peripheral neuropathy; ISM1, Isthmin-1.

Figure 2 Odds ratios for associations between serum ISM1 and T2DM.

Note: The forest plot shows the result of multivariable logistic regression analysis.

Abbreviations: T2DM, type 2 diabetes; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; BUN, urea nitrogen; ISM1, Isthmin-1.

Table 3 Baseline Characteristic of Patients with DSPN or Non-DSPN

	DSPN (n =95)	Non-DSPN T2DM (n =25)	P value
Gender (Male, %)	56(58.9%)	17(68.0%)	0.409
Age (years)	55.68±9.27	45.60±11.51	<0.001*
Height (m)	1.66±0.07	1.67±0.07	0.593
Body weight (Kg)	70.0(64.0,80.0)	78.0(66.0,86.0)	0.114
BMI (Kg/m^2)	25.64(23.78,28.44)	27.68(24.24,29.89)	0.185
SBP (mmHg)	128.0(124.0,139.0)	126.0(110.0,134.0)	<0.05*
DBP (mmHg)	79.0(72.0,84.0)	76.0(71.0,84.0)	0.739
FPG (mmol/L)	9.52(7.04,13.02)	8.71(6.96,11.44)	0.367
C-peptide (ng/mL)	2.11(1.68,2.99)	2.49(1.89,3.53)	0.318
HOMA2-β	42.00(23.90,74.70)	51.50(41.55,62.55)	0.233
HOMA2-IR	1.93(1.44,3.05)	2.21(1.63,3.30)	0.561
HbA1c (%)	8.80(7.60,10.80)	10.00(7.45,11.25)	0.412
BUN (mmol/L)	5.75(5.08,7.12)	5.28(4.40,6.22)	0.153
Cr (μ mol/L)	58.0(45.0,70.0)	54.0(44.5,67.5)	0.535
Uric acid (μ mol/L)	284.60(240.00,336.40)	319.00(264.50,403.25)	0.101
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m^2)	106.67(97.06,114.28)	113.81(104.43,129.45)	<0.05*
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.16±0.28	1.10±0.22	0.310
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.59(1.93,3.25)	2.74(2.03,3.16)	0.754
TG (mmol/L)	1.68(1.23,2.78)	2.30(1.05,3.05)	0.432
TC (mmol/L)	4.53(3.88,5.32)	4.49(4.01,5.85)	0.774
ISM1 (ng/mL)	7.51(6.35,9.09)	8.14(5.86,8.93)	0.682

Note: *P<0.05.

Abbreviations: T2DM, type 2 diabetes; DSPN, diabetic sensorimotor peripheral neuropathy; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HOMA2-β, Homeostasis model 2 assessment-β; HOMA2-IR, homeostasis model 2 assessment of insulin resistance. HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin A1c; BUN, urea nitrogen; Cr, creatinine; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; TC, total cholesterol; ISM1, Isthmin-1.