Glycemic Control and Associated Factors Among Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus, Southwest Ethiopia

Figures & data

Table 1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Children and Adolescents with Type 1 DM at Pediatric Follow Up Clinic, JMC, Southwest Ethiopia, 2022

Variables	Category	Frequency	Percentage
Age of the child	<6 years	13	8.2
	6–12 years	64	40.5
	12–18 years	81	51.3
Sex of the child	Male	86	54.4
	Female	72	45.6
Educational status of the child	Pre-school (including KG)	24	15.2
	Elementary (1–4)	68	43.0
	Junior school (5–8)	47	29.7
	Secondary school (9–12)	19	12.0
Age of the primary caregiver	<20 years	3	1.9
	20–30 years	35	22.2
	31–40 years	64	40.5
	>40 years	56	35.4
Sex of caregiver	Male	65	41.1
	Female	93	58.9
Relationship of the caregiver with the child	Mother	86	54.4
	Father	47	29.7
	Guardian	25	15.8
Marital status of caregiver	Married	128	81.0
	Unmarried	11	7.0
	Divorced	8	5.1
	Widowed	11	7.0
Place of residence	Urban	65	41.1
	Rural	93	58.9
Caregiver educational status	Cannot read and write	59	37.3
	Primary (1–8)	40	25.3
	Secondary school (9–12)	39	24.7
	College/above	20	12.7
Current occupational status of caregiver	House wife	60	38.0
	Farmer	60	38.0
	Employed	19	12.0
	Merchant	5	3.2
	Daily laborer	11	7.0
	Others	3	1.9
Family monthly income	≤1500ETB	55	34.8
	1500–3500 ETB	51	32.3
	>3500 ETB	52	32.9

Table 2 Diabetes and Medication Related Characteristics of Children and Adolescents with Type 1 DM at Pediatric Follow Up Clinic, JMC, Southwest Ethiopia, 2022

Variables	Category	Frequency	Percentage
Age at diagnosis of DM	<5 years	31	19.6
	5–10 years	71	44.9
	≥10 years	56	35.4
Duration of diabetes	<1 year	44	27.8
	1–5 years	79	50
	≥5 years	35	22.2
Insulin regimen	NPH/Regular	158	100.0
Place in which insulin stored	Refrigerator	59	37.3
	Pot	79	50.0
	Room temperature	14	8.9
	Other	6	3.8
Caregiver involvement in insulin injection	Minimal	104	65.8
	Moderate	14	8.9
	Optimal	40	25.3
Caregiver involvement in insulin injection supervision	Minimal	95	60.1
	Moderate	22	13.9
	Optimal	41	25.9
Having Glucometer	Yes	124	78.5
	No	34	21.5
Blood glucose monitoring adherence	Good	60	38.0
	Average	45	28.5
	Poor	53	33.5
Role of caregiver in blood glucose determination (n=142)	Minimal	50	35.2
	Moderate	45	31.7
	Optimal	47	33.1
No- of missed insulin doses in the past 1 week	No missed dose	153	96.8
	1 missed dose	5	3.2

Table 3 Anthropometric Parameters of Children and Adolescents with Type 1 DM at Pediatric Follow Up Clinic, JMC, Southwest Ethiopia, 2022

Variables	Category	Frequency	Percent
WFA (n=48)	Normal	40	83.3
	Underweight	8	16.7
L/HFA	Normal	123	77.8
	Moderate stunting	27	17.1
	Severe stunting	8	5.1
WFH/L (n=14)	Normal	13	92.9
	Moderate wasting	1	7.1
BMI for age (n=153)	Normal	138	90.2
	Moderate wasting	13	8.5
	Severe wasting	2	1.3
MUAC for age	Normal	138	87.3
	Moderate wasting	20	16.7

Table 4 Health Facility Related Characteristics of Children and Adolescents with Type 1 DM at Pediatric Follow Up Clinic, JMC, Southwest Ethiopia, 2022

Variables		Category	Frequency	Percentage
Have you got health education/advice		Yes	145	91.8
		No	13	8.2
Type of health education/advice you got (n=145)	Importance of insulin	Yes	90	62.1
		No	55	37.9
	Method of insulin administration	Yes	115	79.3
		No	30	20.7
	Compilations of DM	Yes	92	63.4
		No	53	36.6
	Not to miss doses and appointments	Yes	118	81.4
		No	27	18.6
	Dietary counseling	Yes	96	66.2
		No	49	33.8
Ever faced problems in the health facility		Yes	81	51.3
		No	77	48.7
Type of problems faced in health facility (n=81)	Shortage of insulin	Yes	79	97.5
		No	2	2.5
	Long waiting time	Yes	24	29.6
		No	57	70.4
	Poor communication	Yes	1	1.2
		No	80	98.8
Have you been admitted previously in last 6 months		Yes	42	26.6
		No	116	73.4
For how many time did you admit to hospital (n=42)		1 Time	36	85.7
		2 times	6	14.3

Figure 1 Glycemic control among children and adolescents with type 1 DM at pediatric follow up clinic, JMC, Southwest Ethiopia, 2022.

Table 5 Binary and Multivariable Logistic Regression Model to Identify Factors Associated with Poor Glycemic Control Among Children and Adolescents with Type 1 DM at Pediatric Follow Up Clinic, JMC, Southwest Ethiopia, 2022

Variables	Category	Glycemic Control		COR 95% CI	AOR 95% CI
		Poor (%)	Good (%)
Educational status of the child	Preschool	21 (87.5)	3 (12.5)	4.08 (0.88–18.80)	9.83 (0.84–115.4)
	Primary (1–4)	53 (77.9)	15 (22.1)	2.06 (0.69–6.16)	1.10 (0.24–5.00)
	Junior school (5–8)	35 (74.5)	12 (25.5)	1.70 (0.54–5.32)	1.24 (0.25–6.24)
	Secondary	12 (63.2)	7 (36.8)	1	1
Sex of primary caregiver	Male	58 (89.2)	7 (10.8)	3.95 (1.60–9.67)	3.16 (0.16–62.15)
	Female	63 (67.7)	30 (32.3)	1	1
Relationship of caregivers with child	Mother	56 (65.1)	30 (34.9)	1	1
	Father	43 (91.5)	4 (8.5)	5.76 (1.88–17.58)	6.02 (1.58–22.96)*
	Guardian	22 (88.0)	3 (12.0)	3.93 (1.08–14.20)	4.45 (1.03–19.16)*
Place of residence	Urban	42 (64.6)	23 (35.4)	1	1
	Rural	79 (84.9)	14 (15.1)	3.90 (1.44–6.62)	2.60 (0.48–14.06)
Caregivers level of education	Cannot read and write	49 (83.1)	10 (16.9)	3.27 (1.06–10.05)	3.08 (0.52–18.19)
	Primary school	33 (82.5)	7 (17.5)	3.14 (0.93–10.54)	5.25 (0.87–31.70)
	Secondary school	27 (69.2)	12 (30.8)	1.50 (0.48–4.64)	3.46 (0.51–23.42)
	College /university	12 (60.0)	8 (40.0)	1	1
Involvement of caregiver in insulin injection supervision	Minimal	84 (88.4)	11 (11.6)	10.78 (4.45–26.08)	5.39 (1.86–15.60)*
	Moderate	20 (90.9)	2 (9.1)	14.12 (2.90–68.59)	8.97 (1.41–57.12)*
	Optimal	17 (41.5)	24 (59.5)	1	1
Having glucometer	Yes	91 (73.4)	33 (26.6)	1	1
	No	30 (88.2)	4 (11.8)	2.72 (0.89–83.08)	0.18 (0.01–2.29)
Adherence to blood glucose monitoring	Good	34 (56.7)	26 (43.3)	1	1
	Average	38 (84.4)	7 (15.6)	4.15 (1.59–10.78)	1.80 (0.56–5.80)
	Poor	49 (92.5)	4 (7.5)	9.36 (2.99–29.28)	4.42 (1.19–16.47)*
Health education	Yes	109 (75.2)	36 (24.8)	1	1
	No	12 (92.3)	1 (7.7)	3.96 (0.48–31.55)	3.07 (0.19–48.19)
Faced problem in hospital	Yes	66 (81.5)	15 (18.5)	1.76 (0.83–3.72)	3.43 (1.24–9.52)*
	No	55 (71.4)	22 (28.6)	1	1
Previous admission in last 6 months	Yes	39 (92.9)	3 (7.1)	5.39 (1.56–18.63)	7.94 (1.91–32.95)*
	No	82 (70.7)	34 (29.3)	1	1
Caregivers diabetes knowledge	Poor knowledge	76 (14.6)	13 (85.4)	3.12 (1.45–6.73)	0.94 (0.29–2.99)
	Good knowledge	45 (65.2)	24 (34.8)	1	1

Note: *Indicates variable which have statistically significant association with poor glycemic control at p<0.05.