Detection of Thyroid Nodule Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors in Southwest China: A Study of 45,023 Individuals Undergoing Physical Examinations

Figures & data

Table 1 Baseline Participant Characteristics (n = 45,023)

	Total	Non-TN Group	TN Group	t/χ^2	P-value
Total (%)	45,023	31,586(70.2)	13,437(29.8)
Gender				845.244	<0.001
Male	21,108	16,217(76.8)	4891(23.2)
Female	23,915	15,369(64.3)	8546(35.7)
Age (years)	42.05±12.41	39.98±11.74	46.93±12.57	−56.295	<0.001
Age (years,%)				2870.057	<0.001
≤30	9423	7928(84.1)	1495(15.9)
31–40	12,709	9987(78.6)	2722(21.4)
41–50	11,007	7060(64.1)	3947(35.9)
51–60	8920	5245(58.8)	3675(41.2)
≥61	2964	1366(46.1)	1598(53.9)
BMI (kg/cm^2)	23.50±3.37	23.41±3.41	23.71±3.27	−8.825	<0.001
WC (cm)	79.64±10.17	79.49±10.23	79.99±10.03	−4.884	<0.001
SBP (mmHg)	118.44±16.23	117.47±15.69	120.71±17.23	−18.756	<0.001
DBP (mmHg)	72.29±10.82	72.01±10.70	72.95±11.08	−8.345	<0.001
FPG (mmol/L)	5.11±1.21	5.06±1.17	5.22±1.29	−12.535	<0.001
UA (μmol /L)	344.16±93.06	348.90±94.41	333.01±88.83	17.044	<0.001
TC (mmol/L)	4.76±0.91	4.72±0.90	4.85±0.92	−14.107	<0.001
TG (mmol/L)	1.59±1.54	1.60±1.57	1.58±1.47	1.262	0.207
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.38±0.36	1.37±0.35	1.41±0.36	−10.916	<0.001
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.92±0.85	2.90±0.84	2.98±0.86	−8.613	<0.001
Fatty liver				13.267	<0.001
No	31,457	22,231(70.7)	9226(29.3)
Yes	13,566	9355(69.0)	4211(31.0)

Notes: Data are given as the mean (SD) or frequency percentage (%).

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; UA, uric acid; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; HDL-C, High-density lipoprotein; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein.

Figure 1 Trends in TN detection as a function of age and gender.

Table 2 Univariate Analyses of Factors Associated with TN Risk (n = 45,023)

Variable	Total				Male				Female
	Non TNs Group (%)	TNs Group (%)	OR (95% CI)	P value	Non TNs Group (%)	TNs Group (%)	OR (95% CI)	P value	Non TNs Group (%)	TNs Group (%)	OR (95% CI)	P value
Gender					–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Male	16,217(76.8)	4891(23.2)	1.0(ref)		–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Female	15,369(64.3)	8546(35.7)	1.844(1.769~1.922)	<0.001	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Age (years)
≤30	7928(84.1)	1495(2722)	1.0(ref)		3403(89.8)	387(10.2)	1.0(ref)		4525(80.3)	1108(19.7)	1.0(ref)
31–40	9987(78.6)	2722(21.4)	1.445(1.348~1.550)	<0.001	5028(85.5)	853(14.5)	1.492(1.313~1.695)	<0.001	4959(72.6)	1869(27.4)	1.539(1.414~1.675)	<0.001
41–50	7060(64.1)	3947(35.9)	2.965(2.771~3.172)	<0.001	3493(73.0)	1293(27.0)	3.255(2.878~3.681)	<0.001	3567(57.3)	2654(42.7)	3.039(2.797~3.301)	<0.001
51–60	5245(58.8)	3675(41.2)	3.716(3.466~3.983)	<0.001	3427(67.0)	1687(33.0)	4.329(3.838~4.882)	<0.001	1818(47.8)	1988(52.2)	4.466(4.076~4.893)	<0.001
≥61	1366(46.1)	1598(53.9)	6.204(5.664~6.794)	<0.001	866(56.3)	671(43.7)	6.813(5.89~7.882)	<0.001	500(35.0)	927(65.0)	7.572(6.668~8.597)	<0.001
BMI (kg/cm^2)
<18.5	1709(78.9)	458(21.1)	0.641(0.576~0.713)	<0.001	359(85.9)	59(14.1)	0.618(0.467~0.819)	0.001	1350(77.2)	399(22.8)	0.576(0.513~0.647)	<0.001
18.5–23.9	17,151(70.5)	7175(29.5)	1.0(ref)		6574(79.0)	1747(21.0)	1.0(ref)		10,577(66.1)	5429(33.9)	1.0(ref)
24–27.9	9773(68.7)	4458(31.3)	1.090(1.042~1.140)	<0.001	6963(75.3)	2290(24.7)	1.238(1.153~1.328)	<0.001	2810(56.4)	2168(43.6)	1.503(1.409~1.604)	<0.001
≥28	2953(68.7)	1346(31.3)	1.089(1.015~1.168)	<0.001	2321(74.5)	795(25.5)	1.289(1.171~1.419)	<0.001	632(53.5)	550(46.5)	1.695(1.505~1.909)	<0.001
Central obesity
No	23,593(72.4)	8990(27.6)	1.0(ref)		11,365(78.6)	3101(21.4)	1.0(ref)		12,228(67.5)	5889(32.5)	1.0(ref)
Yes	7993(64.3)	4447(35.7)	1.460(1.397~1.526)	<0.001	4852(73.1)	1790(26.9)	1.352(1.264~1.446)	<0.001	3141(54.2)	2657(45.8)	1.756(1.654~1.866)	<0.001
FPG (mmol/L)
Normal	29,642(70.9)	12,153(29.1)	1.0(ref)		14,654(78.1)	4106(21.9)	1.0(ref)		14,988(65.1)	8047(34.9)	1.0(ref)
IFG	821(58.1)	593(41.9)	1.762(1.582~1.962)	<0.001	629(66.3)	320(33.7)	1.816(1.58~2.086)	<0.001	192(41.3)	273(58.7)	2.648(2.198~3.192)	<0.001
DM	1123(61.9)	691(38.1)	1.501(1.362~1.654)	<0.001	934(66.8)	465(33.2)	1.777(1.581~1.996)	<0.001	189(45.5)	226(54.5)	2.227(1.832~2.707)	<0.001
Hypertension
No	27,623(71.7)	10,919(28.3)	1.0(ref)		13,306(78.8)	3570(21.2)	1.0(ref)		14,317(66.1)	7349(33.9)	1.0(ref)
Yes	3963(61.1)	2518(38.9)	1.607(1.522~1.698)	<0.001	2911(68.8)	1321(31.2)	1.691(1.570~1.823)	<0.001	1052(46.8)	1197(53.2)	2.217(2.031~2.419)	<0.001
MTs
No	31,015(70.4)	13,040(29.6)	1.0(ref)		15,720(77.2)	4635(22.8)	1.0(ref)		15,295(64.5)	8405(35.5)	1.0(ref)
Yes	571(59.0)	397(41.0)	1.654(1.453~1.883)	<0.001	497(66.0)	256(34.0)	1.747(1.497~2.083)	<0.001	74(34.4)	141(65.6)	3.467(2.614~4.600)	<0.001
TC (mmol/L)
≤5.2	23,317(71.7)	9206(28.3)	1.0(ref)		11,306(77.5)	3280(22.5)	1.0(ref)		12,011(67.0)	5926(33.0)	1.0(ref)
>5.2	8269(66.2)	4231(33.8)	1.296(1.240~1.355)	<0.001	4911(75.3)	1611(24.7)	1.131(1.056~1.211)	<0.001	3358(56.2)	2620(43.8)	1.581(1.490~1.679)	<0.001
TG (mmol/L)
≤1.7	22,546(70.0)	9673(30.0)	1.0(ref)		9218(77.3)	2743(22.9)	1.0(ref)		13,328(65.8)	6930(34.2)	1.0(ref)
>1.7	9040(70.6)	3764(29.4)	0.907(0.928~1.015)	0.191	6999(76.5)	2148(23.5)	1.031(0.967~1.100)	0.348	2041(55.8)	1616(44.2)	1.523(1.418~1.635)	<0.001
HDL-C (mmol/L)
≥1.0	27,390(69.6)	11,962(30.4)	1.0(ref)		12,599(76.9)	3774(23.1)	1.0(ref)		14,791(64.4)	8188(35.6)	1.0(ref)
<1.0	4196(74.0)	1475(26.0)	0.805(0.756~0.857)	<0.001	3618(76.4)	1117(23.6)	1.031(0.955~1.112)	0.438	578(61.8)	358(38.2)	1.119(0.978~1.280)	0.102
LDL-C (mmol/L)
<3.4	23,373(71.0)	9566(29.0)	1.0(ref)		10,940(77.5)	3178(22.5)	1.0(ref)		12,433(66.1)	6388(33.9)	1.0(ref)
≥3.4	8213(68.0)	3871(32.0)	1.152(1.101~1.205)	<0.001	5277(75.5)	1713(24.5)	1.117(1.045~1.195)	0.001	2936(57.6)	2158(42.4)	1.431(1.343~1.524)	<0.001
Hyperuricemia
No	23,380(69.3)	10,372(30.7)	1.0(ref)		9847(76.3)	3057(23.7)	1.0(ref)		13,533(64.9)	7315(35.1)	1.0(ref)
Yes	8206(72.8)	3065(27.2)	0.842(0.803~0.883)	<0.001	6370(77.6)	1834(22.4)	0.927(0.868~0.991)	0.025	1836(59.9)	1231(40.1)	1.240(1.148~1.340)	<0.001
Fatty liver
No	22,231(70.7)	9226(29.3)	1.0(ref)		8843(78.2)	2471(21.8)	1.0(ref)		13,388(66.5)	6755(33.5)	1.0(ref)
Yes	9355(69.0)	4211(31.0)	1.085(1.038~1.133)	<0.001	7374(75.3)	2420(24.7)	1.174(1.102~1.252)	<0.001	1981(52.5)	1791(47.5)	1.792(1.670~1.922)	<0.001

Notes: -, No Data for this item; ref, reference. Data are shown as frequency and percentage (%).

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; IFG, impaired fasting glucose; DM, diabetes mellitus; MTs, metabolic syndrome; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; HDL-C, High-density lipoprotein; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein.

Figure 2 Independent risk factors associated with TNs identified through a multivariate binary logistic regression analysis of the overall participant population.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; IFG, impaired fasting glucose; DM, diabetes mellitus.

Figure 3 Independent risk factors associated with TNs in males identified through a multivariate binary logistic regression analysis.

Abbreviation: BMI, body mass index.

Figure 4 Independent risk factors associated with TNs in females identified through a multivariate binary logistic regression analysis.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; IFG, impaired fasting glucose; DM, diabetes mellitus.