Sleep Quality Among People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus During COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from Qatar’s National Diabetes Center

Figures & data

Table 1 Sociodemographic and Health-Related Characteristics of Patients with T2DM at the National Diabetes Center (N=288)

	Frequency (n)	Percentage (%)
I-Sociodemographic
Gender
Male	184	(63.9)
Female	102	(35.7)
Marital Status
Single	13	(4.6)
Divorced	9	(3.2)
Married	252	(88.4)
Widow	11	(3.9)
Education level
ICan not read or write	14	(4.9)
Primary school	32	(11.3)
Secondary school	80	(28.2)
University and higher education	158	(55.6)
Occupation
Unemployed	80	(28.8)
Job without night shift	157	(56.5)
A job with night shift	41	(14.7)
Monthly family income
Up to 10,000 QAR	127	(49.8)
10,001–20,000 QAR	65	(25.5)
More than 20,000 QAR	63	(24.7)
II-COVID-19 Exposure
Previous infection with COVID-19
Yes	87	(30.6)
No	197	(69.4)
Fully vaccinated againstCOVID-19
Yes	265	(93.3)
No	19	(6.7)
III-Comorbidities
Hypertension
Yes	151	(53.4)
No	132	(46.6)
Diabetic complications (≥ one complication)
Yes	103	(36.4)
No	180	(63.6)
IV-Behavioral
Obesity
Underweight	20	(7.6)
Normal BMI	126	(47.9)
Overweight	64	(27.8)
Obese	44	(16.7)
Smoking history
Yes	36	(12.6)
No	250	(87.4)
Alcohol drinking
Yes	12	(4.2)
No	274	(95.8)
V-Sleep history
History of sleep disturbance
Yes	62	(21.9)
No	221	(78.1)
Prior diagnoses of sleep disturbance
Yes	28	(9.9)
No	255	(90.1)

Abbreviations: n, frequency; %, percentage; SD, Standard Deviation.

Table 2 Component of PSQI Score of Patients with T2DM at the National Diabetes Center

Component of PSQI	Median	IQR
Subjective sleep quality	0.00	1.00
Sleep latency	0.00	2.00
Sleep duration	1.00	2.00
Sleep efficiency	0.00	0.00
Sleep disturbance	1.00	0.00
Use of sleep medication	0.00	0.00
Daytime dysfunction	0.00	0.00

Table 3 Determinants of Poor Sleep Quality of Patients with T2DM at the National Diabetes Center (N=288)

	Good Sleep Quality		Poor Sleep Quality
I-Categorical determinants	n	(%)	n	(%)	p-value
Gender
Male	116	(67.4)	57	(58.8)	0.154
Female	56	(32.6)	40	(41.2)
Marital status
Single	6	(3.5)	6	(6.3)	0.148
Married	155	(90.1)	81	(84.4)
Widow	8	(4.7)	3	(3.1)
Divorced	3	(1.7)	6	(6.3)
Educational level
Can not read or write	12	(7.0)	1	(1.0)	0.133
Primary school	20	(11.7)	9	(9.4)
Secondary school	50	(29.2)	28	(29.2)
Higher education	89	(52.0)	58	(60.4)
Employment status
Unemployed	50	(29.2)	28	(29.2)	0.990
Employed	121	(70.8)	68	(70.8)
Monthly family income (QAR)
Up to 10,000	83	(52.5)	36	(44.4)	0.494
10,001–20,000	39	(24.7)	23	(28.4)
≥ 20,001	36	(22.8)	22	(27.2)
History of sleep disturbance
Yes	20	(11.7)	36	(37.9)	< 0.001
No	151	(88.3)	59	(62.1)
Prior diagnosis with sleep disorders
Yes	6	(3.6)	19	(20.0)	< 0.001
No	165	(96.5)	76	(80.0)
II-Continuous determinants	Median (Δ IQR)		Median (Δ IQR)
Age	53.0 (13.0)		50.0 (14.0)		0.004
Perceived psychological stress score	8.0 (4.0)		8.0 (2.0)		0.001
Depression score	1.0 (2.0)		3.0 (5.0)		< 0.001
Diabetes duration	10.0 (11.0)		9.0 (10.0)		0.496
Glycemic control (HbA1C)	7.7 (3.0)		7.4 (2.0)		0.129

Abbreviations: Δ IQR, Inter quartile range; n, frequency; %, percentage.

Table 4 Correlation Between Sleep Quality Index, HbA1c, Perceived Psychological Stress Score, and Depression Score Among Patients with T2DM at the National Diabetes Center (N=288)

Spearman’s Rho		Last HbA1C	PSS4 Total Score	PHQ9 Total Score	PSQI Total Score
Last HbA1C	Correlation Coefficient	1	−0.099	−0.077	−0.093
	Sig. (2-tailed)		0.105	0.215	0.137
	N	270	267	260	256
PSS4 total score	Correlation Coefficient	−0.099	1	0.279**	0.231**
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0.105		<0.001	<0.001
	N	267	283	273	267
PHQ9 total score	Correlation Coefficient	−0.077	0.279**	1	0.498**
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0.215	<0.001		<0.001
	N	260	273	276	265
PSQI total score	Correlation Coefficient	−0.093	0.231**	0.498**	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)	0.137	<0.001	<0.001
	N	256	267	265	271

Notes: **Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

Abbreviations: HbA1C, hemoglobin A1C; PSS4, Perceived Stress Scale 4; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.

Table 5 Predictors of Poor Sleep Quality Among Patients with T2DM at the National Diabetes Center (N=288)

	PSS4 Total Score	95% CI for Adjusted OR		p-value
	Adjusted OR	Lower	Upper
Age	1.009	0.975	1.044	0.608
PSS4 score	1.059	0.954	1.175	0.282
PHQ9 score	1.416	1.24	1.618	<0.001
Previous history of sleep disorder	3.208	1.574	6.537	<0.001
Constant	0.08			0.017

Notes: Variable(s) entered on step 1: age, PSS4 total score, PHQ9 total score, previous history of sleep disorder.

Abbreviations: PSS4, Perceived Stress Scale 4; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.