Comparative Analysis of Red Blood Cells, White Blood Cells, Platelet Count, and Indices in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients and Normal Controls: Association and Clinical Implications

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic Characteristics of the Study Participants (Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus n=250 and Healthy Controls n=175)

Parameters	T2DM (n=250)	Control (n=175)	P value
	Mean±SD	Mean±SD
Age (years)	53±12	32.4±7.2	<0.0001
Duration (years)	12±7.4	NA	NA
BMI (kg/m^2)	29.7±11.7	27.6±6.8	0.0504
HbA1C (%)	9.2±2.2	5.3±0.7	<0.0001

Abbreviations: NA, not applicable; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; HbA1C, glycosylated hemoglobin A.

Table 2 Prevalence and Patterns of Comorbid Clinical Conditions in the Patient Group with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (n=250)

Comorbidity	Number	Percentage (%)
No chronic disease	118	47.2
Hypertension	121	48.4
CKD+Hypertension	4	1.6
CVD+Hypertension	3	1.2
CVD	1	0.4
Hypothyroidism	1	0.4
CKD	1	0.4
Hepatitis B + Hypertension	1	0.4
Total	250	100

Abbreviations: CKD, chronic kidney disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease.

Table 3 Complete Blood Count and Complete Blood Count-Calculated Parameters in Patient and Control Groups

Parameters	T2DM (n=250)	Control (n=175)	P value
	Mean±SD	Mean±SD
WBC (10^9/L)	6.8±2	6.6±1.8	0.3157
ANC (10^9/L)	3.7±1.5	2.9±1.3	<0.0001
ALC (10^9/L)	2.8±0.9	2.8±0.8	1.00
AMC (10^9/L)	0.2±0.1	0.6±0.2	<0.0001
RBC (×10^12/L)	5.1±0.7	5.5±0.5	<0.0001
Hgb (g/dl)	13.1±2.0	14.8±1.2	<0.0001
HCT (%)	36.5 ±7.0	45.3±3.1	<0.0001
MCV (fl)	73±10	83±6.3	<0.0001
MCH (pg)	26±3.5	27±2.9	0.0025
MCHC (g/dl)	36.3±5.2	32.7±1.7	<0.0001
RDW (%)	10.7±2.2	13.5±1.5	<0.0001
Platelet (10^9/L)	290±72	286±67	0.5821
MPV (fl)	7.8±1	10.7±0.9	<0.0001
PCT (%)	0.4±0.3	0.3±0.1	0.6557
PDW (fl)	13.6±3.2	12.8±2.2	0.0050
P-LCR (%)	33.9±7.9	30.6±7.3	<0.0001
MPR	3.8±0.8	3.9±1.1	0.9417
NLR	1.4±0.7	1.2±0.6	<0.0001
PNR	89±38.9	115±52	<0.0001
PLR	114±44	111±33	0.4728

Abbreviations: WBC, white blood cells; RBC, red blood cells; Hgb, hemoglobin; HCT, hematocrit; MCV, mean cell volume; MCH, mean cell hemoglobin; MCHC, mean cell hemoglobin concentration; RDW, red blood cell distribution width; MPV, mean platelet volume; ANC, absolute neutrophil count; ALC, absolute lymphocyte count, AMC, absolute monocyte count; MPV, mean platelet volume; PDW, platelet distribution width; P-LCR, platelet large cell ratio, PCT, plateletcrit; NLR, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, PLR, platelet/lymphocyte ratio, PNR, platelet/neutrophil ratio, MPR, mean platelet volume/platelet count.

Table 4 Categorization of Diabetics Based on the HbA1C Levels (n = 250)

Parameters	HbA1C			P value
	Group 1	Group 2	Group 3
	<7.0%	7.0–9.0%	>9.0%
	n=28	n=92	n=101
Age (years)	51.5±12.6	53.9±11.3	53±12.5	0.4297
HbA1C (%)	6.5±0.4	8.0±0.6	11.0±1.8	<0.0001
Duration of the disease (years)	9.8±6.1	10.8±6.5	13.6±8.2	0.0131
BMI (kg/m^2)	27.3±3.9	31.6±16.6	28.6±6.4	0.1095
WBC(10^9/L)	7.0±2.1	6.9±2.0	6.6±1.9	0.6657
ANC (10^9/L)	3.9±1.8	3.7±1.4	3.7±1.6	0.1025
ALC (10^9^3/L)	2.9±0.6	2.9±1.0	2.7±0.8	0.1301
AMC (10^9/L)	0.2±0.2	0.2±0.1	0.2±0.2	0.9178
RBC (10^12/L)	5.0±0.6	5.1±0.8	5.1±0.7	0.0515
Hgb (g/dL)	13.3±1.6	13.1±2.3	12.9±1.9	0.6977
HCT(%)	37.7±6.4	36.8±7.5	35.9±6.6	0.4098
MCV(fL)	75.3±9.2	74.1±9.7	71.8±10.2	0.1042
MCH (pg)	26.6±2.6	26.3±3.5	25.8±3.6	0.5017
MCHC(g/dL)	35.6±4.5	36.3±5.7	36.6±5.0	0.7159
RDW-SD(fL)	22.6±3.0	22.5±3.5	21.9±3.4	0.3593
RDW-CV(%)	10.2±2.0	10.7±2.2	10.9±2.1	0.3042
Platelet (10^9/L)	279±60	285±76	298±70	0.3017
MPV (fl)	13.7±2.3	13.4±3.2	13.8±3.4	0.1804
PCT (%)	0.2±0.0	0.2±0.1	0.2±0.1	0.1031
PDW (fl)	7.9±0.8	7.8±0.9	13.8±3.4	0.5895
P-LCR (%)	33.9±8.4	33.3±7.8	34.2±8.1	0.6774
MPR	2.8±0.9	2.9±0.8	2.9±0.8	0.8172
PNR	84±37	85±37	94±42	0.1002
PLR	100±39	110±47	120±43	0.0974
NLR	1.3±0.6	1.4±0.7	1.5±0.7	0.2170

Abbreviations: WBC, white blood cells; RBC, red blood cells; Hgb, hemoglobin; HCT, hematocrit; MCV, mean cell volume; MCH, mean cell hemoglobin; MCHC, mean cell hemoglobin concentration; RDW, red blood cell distribution width; MPV, mean platelet volume; ANC, absolute neutrophil count; ALC, absolute lymphocyte count, AMC, absolute monocyte count; MPV, mean platelet volume; PDW, platelet distribution width; P-LCR, platelet large cell ratio, PCT, plateletcrit; NLR, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, PLR, platelet/lymphocyte ratio, PNR, platelet/neutrophil ratio, MPR, mean platelet volume/platelet count.

Table 5 Correlation Between Duration of the Disease and the Levels of (i) HbA1C, (ii) Complete Blood Count Parameters and (iii) CBC-Derived Parameters in the Patient Group

Parameter	r	R Squared	P
Duration (years) and BMI (kg/m^2)	0.05919	0.003505	0.3992
Duration (years) and HbA1C (%)	0.1774	0.03147	0.0095
Duration (years) and WBC (10^9/L)	0.05868	0.003443	0.3976
Duration (years) and ANC (10^9/L)	0.05811	0.003377	0.4022
Duration (years) and ALC (10^9/L)	0.01026	0.0001052	0. 8825
Duration (years) and AMC (10^9/L)	0.07743	0.005995	0.2640
Duration (years) and RBC (10^12/L)	−0.1473	0.02170	0.0329
Duration (years) and Hgb (g/dl)	−0.09981	0.009962	0.1495
Duration (years) and HCT (%)	−0.1320	0.01741	0.0562
Duration (years) and MCV (fl)	−0.02008	0.0004032	0.7767
Duration (years) and MCH (pg)	0.07112	0.005058	0.3050
Duration (years) and MCHC (%)	0.07728	0.005973	0.2649
Duration (years) and RDW (%)	0.06044	0.003654	0.3835
Duration (years) and Platelet (10^9/L)	−0.02157	0.0004653	0.7560
Duration (years) and PCT (%)	0.1039	0.01079	0.1335
Duration (years) and PDW (fl)	0.01503	0.0002259	0.8286
Duration (years) and MPV (fl)	−0.04210	0.001773	0.5440
Duration (years) and P-LCR (%)	−0.03616	0.001308	0.6023
Duration (years) and NLR	0.03662	0.001341	0.5977
Duration (years) and PLR	−0.03798	0.001442	0.5842
Duration (years) and PNR	−0.1252	0.01567	0.0703
Duration (years) and MPR	−0.0260	0.0006766	0.7078

Abbreviations: WBC, white blood cells; RBC, red blood cells; Hgb, hemoglobin; HCT, hematocrit; MCV, mean cell volume; MCH, mean cell hemoglobin; MCHC, mean cell hemoglobin concentration; RDW, red blood cell distribution width; ANC, absolute neutrophil count; ALC, absolute lymphocyte count, AMC, absolute monocyte count;MPV, mean platelet volume; PDW, platelet distribution width; P-LCR, platelet large cell ratio, PCT, plateletcrit; NLR, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, PLR, platelet/lymphocyte ratio, PNR, platelet/neutrophil ratio, MPR, mean platelet volume/platelet count.