Impact of Fixed Combination of Metformin and Pioglitazone on Insulin Resistance of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Results of a Randomized Open-Label Study

Figures & data

Figure 1 Study design (A) and participant flow (B).

Table 1 Demographic, anthropometric, and disease characteristics of trial patients

	Metformin (n=18)	Metformin + pioglitazone (n=18)	Dapagliflozin (n=18)	P
Sex (male/female)	13/5	12/6	11/7	0.934
Hypertension (yes/no)	4/14	7/11	2/16	0.181
Age (years)	47.56±13.03	43.22±11.27	44.89±8.82	0.507
BMI (kg/m^2)	26.61±2.78	27.52±3.23	26.42±2.81	0.494
HbA1c (%)	11.07±1.35	11.21±1.63	10.88±1.47	0.809
ALT (U/L)	25.00 (14.00, 36.05)	34.00 (22.85, 60.00)	24.20 (18.97, 42.75)	0.243
AST (U/L)	15.50 (9.00, 22.17)	20.50 (16.92, 23.07)	15.55 (13.00, 29.17)	0.238
TC (mmol/L)	4.84±0.87	4.80±0.87	5.79±1.95	0.050
TGs (mmol/L)	2.26±1.73	2.03±1.43	2.05±1.37	0.876
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.10±0.32	1.10±0.21	1.14±0.16	0.836
LDL-C (mmol/L)	3.00±0.76	2.98±0.78	3.72±1.42	0.062
C-peptide (ng/mL)	1.28 (0.98, 2.04)	1.41 (0.92–2.36)	1.24 (0.61–1.79)	0.496
C-peptide 2 h (ng/mL)	3.40 (2.03, 4.88)	2.56 (1.98–4.80)	2.78 (1.08–4.20)	0.513
FPG (mmol/L)	10.13±3.34	10.24±3.45	9.55±3.54	0.812
GFR (mL/min/1.73 m^2)	119.63±41.91	138.81±43.52	121.6±32.25	0.286

Notes: Data are presented as means ± SD, medians (IQR), or numbers as appropriate. ANOVA for comparison of normally distributed data, Kruskal–Wallis H test for comparison of asymmetrically distributed data, and Pearson’s χ² test for comparison of categorical variables.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HbA_1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; TC, total cholesterol; TGs, triglycerides; HDL-C, high–density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low–density lipoprotein cholesterol; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; GFR, glomerular filtration rate.

Figure 2 Changes in M value (A), insulin dose (B), and body weight (C) before and after treatment were evaluated. Data are presented as means with SEM error. *P<0.05 between the three groups; ^#P<0.05 within the same group.