Incidence of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors in Elderly with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Figures & data

Table 1 Anthropometric, Clinical, and Laboratory Data of the Included Participants

	Baseline	Follow-Up	p-value
Sex (women, %)	201 (66.8)	201 (66.8)
Age (years)	71.3 ± 5.4	75.5 ± 5.5
T2DM (n, %)	17 (5.7)	24 (8.0)	0.008
HTN (n, %)	117 (38.9)	151 (50.2)	<0.001
Smoker (n, %)	6 (2.0)	5 (1.7)
BMI (kg/m2)	25.1 ± 2.6	25.2 ± 2.7	0.14
Normal weight (n, %)	108 (35.9)	105 (34.9)	0.69
Overweight (n, %)	130 (43.2)	129 (42.9)
Obesity (n, %)	63 (20.9)	67 (22.3)
Weight (kg)	61.7 ± 8.7	61.4 ± 8.7	0.040
WC (cm)	83.4 ± 8.4	85.3 ± 7.7	<0.001
SBP (mmHg)	133.9 ± 18.7	140.9 ± 19.9	<0.001
DBP (mmHg)	70.1 ± 11.1	69.9 ± 8.9	0.70
FPG (mg/dL)	101.2 ± 15.1	103.4 ± 15.9	<0.001
TC (mg/dL)	198.3 ± 31.9	194.3 ± 33.9	0.020
TG (mg/dL)	102.1 ± 36.7	100.2 ± 43.6	0.42
LDL-C (mg/dL)	119.4 ± 29.1	115.5 ± 29.8	0.022
HDL-C (mg/dL)	60.6 ± 14.3	58.8 ± 14.9	0.001

Abbreviations: T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; HTN, hypertension; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Table 2 Baseline Variables Related to the Incidence of MetS

	Newly Developed MetS	Non-Developed MetS	p-value
Sex (women, %)	96 (73.3)	105 (61.8)	0.035
Age (years)	71.1 ± 4.7	71.5 ± 5.8	0.57
T2DM (n, %)	14 (10.7)	3 (1.8)	0.001
HTN (n, %)	56 (42.8)	61 (35.9)	0.23
Smoker (n, %)	3 (2.3)	3 (1.8)	0.75
BMI (kg/m2)	25.4 ± 2.7	24.8 ± 2.6	0.07
Normal weight (n, %)	40 (37.0)	68 (63.0)	0.10
Overweight (n, %)	57 (43.9)	73 (56.2)	–
Obesity (n, %)	34 (54.0)	29 (46.0)	–
WC (cm)	83.9 ± 8.6	83.0 ± 8.2	0.39
SBP (mmHg)	135.8 ± 18.6	132.5 ± 18.8	0.13
DBP (mmHg)	70.6 ± 11.7	69.8 ± 10.7	0.55
FPG (mg/dL)	104.1 ± 18.3	98.9 ± 11.7	0.006
TC (mg/dL)	201.4 ± 99.7	196.0 ± 30.1	0.14
TG (mg/dL)	122.1 ± 30.7	117.4 ± 27.7	0.17
LDL-C (mg/dL)	105.2 ± 40.6	99.8 ± 33.4	0.21
HDL-C (mg/dL)	60.9 ± 14.6	60.5 ± 14.1	0.80

Abbreviations: T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; HTN, hypertension; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Table 3 Change in Certain Variables and the Incidence of MetS

	Newly Developed MetS	Non-Developed MetS	p-value
Change in BMI (kg/m2)	0.2 ± 1.2	0 ± 1.1	0.057
Change in WC (cm)	2.9 ± 6.1	1.1 ± 5.5	0.010
Change in FPG level (mg/dL)	4.8 ± 14.1	0.3 ± 7.0	0.001
Change in TG level (mg/dL)	1.7 ± 40.7	−4.7 ± 40.7	0.18
Change in SBP (mmHg)	6.0 ± 23.2	7.8 ± 19.2	0.48
Change in DBP (mmHg)	−0.8 ± 12.7	0.2 ± 10.8	0.45
Change in HDL-C level (mg/dL)	−3.2 ± 10.3	−0.8 ± 7.9	0.027

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; TG, triglyceride; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Table 4 MetS Components at Baseline and MetS Incidence by Number of Cases (%)

	Newly Developed MetS	Non-Developed MetS	p-value
High FPG level	49 (37.4)	53 (31.2)	0.26
High Blood Pressure	86 (65.7)	105 (61.8)	0.49
Hypertriglyceridemia	25 (19.1)	17 (10.0)	0.024
Low HDL-C level	7 (5.3)	13 (7.7)	0.43
Large WC	57 (43.5)	58 (34.1)	0.10

Abbreviations: FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; WC, waist circumference.

Table 5 Age- and Sex-Adjusted Odds Ratios for MetS Incidence

	aOR	95% CI
High FPG level component	1.75	1.03–2.95
Change in FPG level	1.05	1.02–1.08
High Blood Pressure component	1.09	0.66–1.81
Change in SBP	1.00	0.98–1.81
Change in DBP	0.99	0.97–1.02
Hypertriglyceridemia component	2.26	1.15–4.47
Change in TG level	1.01	1.00–1.01
Low HDL-C level component	0.82	0.31–2.15
Change in HDL-C level	0.97	0.94–1.00
Large WC component	1.71	1.01–2.89
Change in WC	1.09	1.02–1.11

Abbreviations: aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TG, triglyceride; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; WC, waist circumference.