Progress in Research on Biomarkers of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Preeclampsia

Figures & data

Figure 1 Mechanisms of gestational diabetes mellitus.

Table 1 Predictors of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM), and Concurrent GDM with PE

	Predictive Factor	Introduction	Expression	Whether to Make a Prediction Curve and Results	Reference Documentation	Specimen
GDM	APN	APN is an endogenous bioactive polypeptide or protein secreted by adipocytes, important for the regulation of sugar and fat metabolism.	Low	I/A,(+)	[19–26]	Serum
	Leptin	Hormones secreted by adipose tissue are generally believed to be involved in the regulation of sugar, fat, and energy metabolism; reduce food intake; increase energy release; and inhibit adipocyte synthesis	High	I/A,(+)	[27–34]	Serum
	CRP	Cell molecule with multiple biological activities, synthesis site in the liver, induces insulin resistance through an inflammatory response	High	I/A,(+)	[35–42]	Serum
GDM merge PE	AOPP	Generated in response to plasma albumin with chloride under oxidative stress, can stimulate apoptosis	High	N/A	[43,44]	Placental tissue
	sFlt-1 to 25(OH)D ratio	sFlt-1 is reduced as an antiangiogenic factor, with further increases in vascular permeability and significant loss of albumin. Meanwhile, abnormal expression of 25 (OH) is also a form of vascular endothelial dysfunction	High	I/A,(+)	[45]	Serum
	Fibroblast growth factor −21 (FGF21)	FGF21 is an excellent predictive factor that can simultaneously predict the progression of both GDM and PE. However, when it comes to pregnant patients with PE, it is important to consider the specific tissues and organs from which the predictive factor blood samples are collected.	High	I/A,(+)	[46–50]	Serum
	resistin	Resistin is one of the strongly correlated predictive factors for GDM and PE. However, it is important to consider the individual characteristics of the patients, such as high BMI, existing abnormalities in pancreatic function, and metabolic dysfunction, which require careful consideration.	High	I/A,(+)	[51–54]	Serum

Abbreviations: APN, adiponectin; CRP, C-reactive protein; AOPP, advanced oxidative protein product; I/A(+), there is prediction curve and the result is positive; N/A, there is no prediction curve.

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Walentowicz-Sadlecka MA-O, Domaracki PA-OX, Sadlecki PA-O, et al. Assessment of the SFlt-1 and sFlt-1/25(OH)D Ratio as a Diagnostic Tool in Gestational Hypertension (GH), Preeclampsia (PE), and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM). Disease Markers2019;2019;1875–8630.

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