Prevalence of Obesity and Lifestyle Risk Factors Following Two Years’ COVID-19 Related Service Closure at Wellness Center, Primary Health Care

Figures & data

Table 1 Sociodemographic and Clinical Characteristics of Participants (n = 100)

Characteristic	Number	Percentage (%)
Age (years)	100
Mean ± SD	49.6±10.5
Gender
Male	20	20%
Female	80	80%
Education level
Illiterate	0	0%
Primary	0	0%
Preparatory	9	9%
Secondary	19	19%
University or higher	72	72%
Occupation
Unemployed/resigned	42	42%
Student	04	04%
Office job	38	38%
Professional	01	01%
Healthcare	15	15%
Nationality
Qatari	76	76%
Non-Qatari	24	24%
Marital status
Single	16	16%
Married	70	70%
Divorced	10	10%
Widow	4	4%
Monthly income (QR)
<5000	10	10%
5000-<10,000	17	17%
10,000-<20,000	19	19%
20,000 −30,000	20	20%
>30,000	34	34%
Chronic disease
Diabetes Mellitus	15	15%
Dyslipidemia	13	13%
Hypothyroidism	13	13%
Hypertension	12	12%
Cardiac disease	3	3%
Asthma	01	01%

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; QR, Qatari Riyals.

Table 2 Physical Activity Level and Sedentary Behavior During the COVID-19 Related Wellness Service Closure (n = 100)

Variable	Number	Percentage (%)
PA level (IPAQ)
Low	47	47%
Moderate	47	47%
High	06	06%
METs (Minutes/week) Mean ± SD	1038±1172
Engaged in PA
Never	28	28%
Occasionally	52	52%
Regularly	20	20%
Reasons not engaging in PA (n = 80)
Lethargy	14	14%
Disrupted routine	49	49%
Lack of support	17	17%
SB > 8 hours/day
No	62	62%
Yes	38	38%
ST (hrs.) Mean ± SD	4 ± 2.8
Weight change
No change	31	31%
Lost weight	15	15%
Gained weight	54	54%

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; IPAQ, International Physical Activity Questionnaire; PA, physical activity; SB, sedentary behavior; ST, screen time; METs, Metabolic Equivalent of Task.

Table 3 Sleep Status During the COVID-19 Related Wellness Services Closure (n = 100)

Variable	Number	Percentage (%)
Sleep quality
Poor	22	22%
Good	59	59%
Very good	19	19%
Slept badly and restlessly
No	59	59%
Yes	41	41%
Difficulty sleep within 30 minutes
No	45	45%
Yes	55	55%
Woken up early/unable to go back to sleep
No	47	47%
Yes	53	53%
Sleep duration (hours)
< 7	58	58%
7–9	39	39%
>9	03	3%

Figure 1 Stress level based on the perceived stress scale during COVID-related wellness service closure (n = 100).

Table 4 Body Measurements and Composition According to Sex (n = 100)

Variable	Male Mean ± SD	Female Mean ± SD	Total Mean ± SD	P value
Height (cm)	169.2 ± 6.8	157.6 ± 14.8	160 ± 16	0.17
Weight (kg)	85.7 ± 13.1	77.4 ± 14.8	79 ± 15	0.03*
BMI (kg/m^2)	29.8 ± 3.8	31.0 ± 5.3	30.5 ± 5	0.49
Right MUAC (cm)	31.5 ± 2.6	32.9 ± 4.1	33 ± 3.9	0.15
Left MUAC (cm)	31.4 ± 2.6	32.9 ± 4.1	32.5 ± 3.9	0.11
CC (cm)	105 ± 7.0	102.3 ± 9.6	103 ± 9.1	0.24
WC (cm)	106 ± 8.1	101 ± 13	102 ± 12.5	0.04*
WHR	0.98 ± 0.05	0.91 ± 0.10	0.92 ± 0.10	0.001*
Right CalF (cm)	39.3 ± 4.2	39.2 ± 4.2	39 ± 4.2	0.001*
Left CalF (cm)	38.9 ± 4.3	39.2 ± 4.2	39 ± 4.2	0.001*
Right TC (cm)	55.1 ± 11.0	63.0 ± 7.7	61 ± 9	0.001*
Left TC (cm)	54.8 ± 11.0	62.5 ± 7.6	60.9 ± 8.9	0.001*
RHR (b.p.m)	68.9 ± 4.9	78.9 ± 9.1	76.9 ± 9.3	0.001*
FM (kg)	29.9 ± 8.6	34.9 ± 10.7	34 ± 10.5	0.001*
PFM (%)	34.1 ± 4.9	44.9 ± 5.9	42.7 ± 7.2	0.001*
MM (kg)	26.5 ± 3.4	19.1 ± 4.8	20.6 ± 5.4	0.001*
PMM (%)	31.0 ± 2.6	24.1 ± 2.7	25.4 ± 3.9	0.001*
TBW (%)	46.8 ± 3.9	39.0 ± 5.9	40.6 ± 6.4	0.001*

Note: *P value ≤ 0.05 indicates statistically significant difference between sexes by the Student t test.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; MUAC, mid-upper arm circumference; CC, chest circumference; WC, waist circumference; WHR, waist hip ratio; CalF, calf circumference; TC, thigh circumference; RHR, resting heart rate; b.p.m, beats per minute; FM, fat mass; PFM, percentage fat mass; MM, muscle mass; PMM, percentage muscle mass; TBW, total body water.

Figure 2 BMI categories based on the WHO guidelines (n = 100).

Table 5 Cardiometabolic Risk According to Waist Circumference and Wasit hip Ratio by Sex (n = 100)

Variable	Category	Male, N = 20 (20%)		Female, N = 80 (80%)		P value
WC	Low	<94 cm	–	<80 cm	–
	Moderate	94–102 cm	8 (40.0)	80–88 cm	13 (16.3)	0.02*
	High	>102 cm	12 (60.0)	>88 cm	67 (83.8)
WHR	Increased risk	≥0.85	20 (100)	≥0.90	40 (50)	0.001*

Note: *P value ≤ 0.05 indicates statistically significant difference by the Chi-square test.

Abbreviations: WC, waist circumference; WHR, waist hip ratio.

Table 6 Cardiopulmonary and Muscular Endurance According to Sex (n = 100)

Variable	Male Mean ± SD	Female Mean ± SD	Total Mean ± SD	P value
VO2 MAX (mL O2kg^−1min^−1)	21.0±9.2	14.1±11.2	15.5±11.3	0.01*
METs (mL/kg)	4.3±2.2	2.9±0.6	3.2±1.2	0.01*
Push up (no. repetition/min)	21.0±7.9	18.6±9.1	19.1±8.9	0.29
L-sit/wall sit (duration in secs)	46.1±28.0	46.2±36.8	46.2±35.1	0.98
Plank (duration in sec)	49.5±25.5	41.0±28.2	42.7±27.8	0.22

Note: *P value ≤ 0.05 indicates statistically significant difference between sexes by the Student t test.

Abbreviations: VO2 MAX, maximal oxygen consumption; METs, metabolic equivalent of task.

Table 7 Cardiopulmonary and Muscular Endurance According to Age Groups (n = 100)

Variable	(20–29) Mean ± SD	(30–39) Mean ± SD	(40–49) Mean ± SD	(50–59) Mean ± SD	(60–69) Mean ± SD	(70–79) Mean ± SD	P value
VO2 MAX (mL O2kg^−1min^−1)	11.5±2.3	25.9±21.2	13.4±5.8	12.9±5.3	15.1±6.8	10.3±2.1	0.001*
METs (mL/kg)	2.7±0.5	4.3±1.9	3.0±0.7	3.0±1.0	2.9±0.6	2.7±0.6	0.001*
Push up (no. repetition/1 min)	14.8±8.6	19.5±8.6	20.5±9.9	18.2±8.9	19.5±8.3	24.5±0.7	0.71
L-sit/wall sit (duration in sec)	47.2±55.0	60.9±55.5	48.1±19.8	40.2±29.2	38.9±26.1	52.0±39.6	0.43
Plank (duration in sec)	41.0±24.4	51.2±30.7	45.5±26.7	38.8±29.0	35.9±19.7	57.5±38.9	0.56

Note: *P value ≤ 0.05 indicates statistically significant difference for the One-way ANOVA.

Abbreviations: VO2 MAX, maximal oxygen consumption; METs, metabolic equivalent of task.

Table 8 Sociodemographic and Clinical Characteristics According to the Physical Activity Level (n = 100)

Variable	Category	Low PA (47%)	Moderate PA (47%)	High PA (6%)	P value
Gender	Male	3 (6.4)	14 (24.8)	3 (50)
	Female	44 (93.6)	33 (70.2)	3 (50)	0.003*
Education	Preparatory	4 (8.5)	3 (6.4)	3 (33.3)	0.17
	Secondary	9 (19.1)	8 (17.0)	2 (33.2)
	University	34 (72.3)	36 (76.6)	2 (33.3)
Occupation	Unemployed	19 (40.4)	21 (44.7)	2 (33.3)	0.75
	Student	3 (6.4)	1 (2.1)	0 (0)
	Office job	17 (36.2)	17 (36.2)	4 (66.7)
	Professional	0 (0)	1 (2.1)	0 (0)
	Healthcare	8 (17)	7 (14.9)	0 (0)
PHCC staff	Yes	9 (19.1)	7 (14.9)	1 (16.7)	0.33
Nationality	Qatari	36 (76.6)	34 (72.3)	6 (100)	0.33
Marital status	Single	10 (21.3)	6 (12.8)	0 (0)	0.46
	Married	27 (57.4)	36 (76.6)	6 (100)
	Divorced	6 (12.8)	4 (8.5)	0 (0)
	Widow	3 (6.4)	1 (2.1)	0 (0)
Income in QR	<5000	8 (17)	2 (4.3)	0 (0)	0.16
	5000<10,000	9 (19.1)	7 (14.5)	1 (16.7)
	10,000<20,000	12 (25.5)	7 (14.9)	0 (0)
	20,000–30,000	7 (14.9)	11 (23.4)	2 (33.3)
	>30,000	11 (23.4)	20 (42.6)	3 (50)
Diabetes Mellitus	Yes	7 (14.9)	7 (14.9)	1 (16.7)	0.99
Dyslipidemia	Yes	3 (6.4)	10 (21.3)	0 (0)	0.06
Hypothyroidism	Yes	7 (14.9)	5 (10.6)	1 (16.7)	0.80
Cardiac disease	Yes	0 (0)	3 (6.4)	0 (0)	0.18
HTN	Yes	2 (4.3%)	9 (19.1)	1 (16.7)	0.08
Asthma	Yes	1 (2.1%)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0.57

Note: *P value ≤ 0.05 indicates statistically significant difference by the Chi-square test.

Abbreviations: PHCC, Primary Health Care Corporation; QR, Qatari Riyals; DM, diabetes mellitus; HTN, hypertension.

Table 9 Anthropometric and Body Composition According to the Physical Activity Level (n = 100)

Variable	Low PA Mean ± SD	Moderate PA Mean ± SD	High PA Mean ± SD	P value
Age	48.0±10	51±10.9	52.2±7.0	0.36
Height (cm)	162±6.2	158±12.6	163±7.6	0.47
Weight (kg)	81±15	76.3±13	83.3±22	0.21
BMI (kg/m^2)	31.5±4.5	29.4±5.2	31.2±6.0	0.12
Right MUAC (cm)	33.5±3.8	31.5±4.0	33.2±2.6	0.04*
Left MUAC (cm)	33.5±3.7	31.6±4.1	33.2±2.9	0.06
CC (cm)	105±8.8	100.5±9.2	106±8.8	0.06
WC (cm)	104.5±13	99.2±11	105±13.7	0.10
WHR	0.92±0.09	0.92±0.10	1.0±0.11	0.17
Right CalF (cm)	39.9±3.8	38.5±4.6	39.5±3.6	0.27
Left CalF (cm)	39.9±3.6	38.4±4.5	38.7±3.8	0.23
Right TC (cm)	63.2±7.4	59.7±10.4	61.8±7.7	0.17
Left TC (cm)	62.6±7.2	54.5±10.3	60±8.5	0.22
RHR (b.p.m)	81±9.9	73.2±7.3	75.2±6.8	0.001*
FM (kg)	36.9±10.8	30.8±9.1	35.2±12.8	0.02*
PFM (%)	45.1±6.7	40.4±7.1	41.5±6.9	0.005*
MM (kg)	20.6±5.8	20.3±5.0	22.0±6.6	0.77
PMM (%)	24.3±3.1	26.5±4.2	26.8±4.1	0.01*
TBW (%)	39.7±4.9	41.8±6.8	36.8±11.2	0.10

Note: *P value ≤ 0.05 indicates statistically significant difference for the One-way ANOVA.

Abbreviations: PA, physical activity; BMI, body mass index; MUAC, mid-upper arm circumference; CC, chest circumference; WC, waist circumference; WHR, waist hip ratio; CalF, calf circumference; TC, thigh circumference; RHR, resting heart rate; b.p.m, beat per minutes; FM, fat mass; PFM, percentage fat mass; MM, muscle mass; PMM, percentage muscle mass; TBW, total body water.