Sex Difference in the Association Between Serum Versican and Albuminuria in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Figures & data

Table 1 Levels of Serum VCAN and Clinical Characteristic of All T2DM Patients

	Male	Female	T/Z	P-values
N	267	161
Age (years)	58.65 ± 10.20	60.98 ± 9.47	4.145	0.043
Diabetic duration (years)	10.00 (2.00, 16.00)	10.00 (2.00, 16.00)	−0.453	0.651
BMI (kg/m^2)	24.53 ± 3.09	23.71 ± 3.77	4.517	0.034
SBP (mmHg)	132.15 ± 16.96	132.68 ± 19.20	0.067	0.796
DBP (mmHg)	83.38 ± 11.33	78.80 ± 15.35	9.590	0.002
FBG (mmol/L)	7.05 (5.79, 8.48)	6.54 (5.28, 7.84)	−1.564	0.118
HbA1c (%)	7.93 (6.81, 9.90)	7.19 (6.47, 9.24)	−2.050	0.040
ALT (U/L)	19.95 (13.40, 28.00)	17.00 (12.30, 23.40)	−2.180	0.029
AST (U/L)	17.15 (13.53, 22.53)	18.20 (15.40, 21.30)	−1.410	0.159
BUN (mmol/L)	6.10 (4.90, 7.43)	5.65 (4.80, 6.85)	−1.425	0.154
UA (µmol/L)	327.40 (285.00, 392.00)	306.00 (252.00, 349.90)	−3.641	< 0.0001
SCr (µmol/L)	78.20 (66.65, 94.30)	59.90 (51.00, 73.00)	−8.355	< 0.0001
eGFR (mL/min/1.73m^2)	92.37 (76.61, 107.71)	95.28 (81.14, 106.72)	−0.461	0.645
TC (mmol/L)	4.34 ± 0.95	4.64 ± 1.06	6.631	0.010
TG (mmol/L)	1.46 (0.99, 2.34)	1.49 (0.97, 2.25)	−0.090	0.929
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.76 (2.35, 3.29)	2.84 (2.06, 3.58)	−0.430	0.667
HDL-C (mmol/L)	0.99 (0.84, 1.13)	1.21 (0.94, 1.46)	−5.266	< 0.0001
UACR (mg/g)	11.10 (3.95, 44.00)	10.50 (4.20, 60.30)	−0.524	0.600
VCAN (ng/mL)	49.51 ± 12.64	49.82 ± 14.16	2.036	0.851

Notes: The data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) or median (interquartile range).

Abbreviations: T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin A1c; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST aspartate aminotransferase; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; UA, uric acid; SCr, serum creatinine; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; UACR, urinary albumin to creatinine ratio; VCAN versican.

Table 2 Levels of Serum VCAN and Clinical Characteristic in Male T2DM Groups with Different UACR

	Normal Healthy Group (n = 53)	T2DM (n = 267)			F/x^2	P-values
		Normal Albuminuria Group (n =160)	Microalbuminuria Group (n = 70)	Macroalbuminuria Group (n = 37)
Age (years)	54.14 ± 8.26	58.02 ± 10.21	60.24 ± 10.61	58.17 ± 12.00	1.772	0.153
Diabetic duration (years)	-	10.00 (2.00, 13.00)^a	11.00 (3.75, 17.25)^a	17.00 (9.50, 19.00)^a,b	23.957	<0.0001
BMI (kg/m^2)	23.53 ± 3.23	24.63 ± 3.00	24.39 ± 3.45	24.88 ± 2.59	0.643	0.588
SBP (mmHg)	137.57 ± 13.43	129.34 ± 15.19	131.30 ± 17.46	153.18 ± 17.37^a, b,c	12.098	< 0.0001
DBP (mmHg)	88.64 ± 10.60	82.59 ± 11.10	82.34 ± 11.54	88.53 ± 11.58^b	2.600	0.053
FBG (mmol/L)	4.66 (4.51, 5.11)	7.05 (6.04, 8.50)^a	7.27 (5.83, 8.19)^a	7.95 (6.40, 9.60)^a	26.657	< 0.0001
HbA1c (%)	5.73 (5.56, 6.09)	8.31 (6.93, 10.40)^a	7.95 (6.95, 9.24)^a	7.51 (6.40, 9.21)^a	32.789	<0.0001
ALT (U/L)	24.15 (14.95, 30.73)	20.10 (13.70, 31.40)	19.60 (13.75, 24.58)	14.00 (10.20, 25.50)	4.825	0.185
AST (U/L)	18.90 (14.05, 23.83)	18.30 (13.40, 22.60)	17.05 (14.08, 20.53)	14.80 (13.95, 17.70)	2.382	0.497
BUN (mmol/L)	5.20 (4.30, 7.55)	5.76 (4.71, 6.90)	6.43 (5.23, 7.41)	8.70 (6.70, 11.76)^a,b,c	21.897	< 0.0001
UA (µmol/L)	393.60 (312.00, 441.00)	319.00 (277.00, 377.25)	325.50 (301.68, 392.00)	402.00 (333.00, 497.80)^b,c	18.007	< 0.0001
SCr (µmol/L)	83.00 (66.48, 89.15)	74.00 (64.00, 87.00)	87.80 (68.38, 111.50)^b	117.70 (92.00, 196.55)^a,b,c	30.649	<0.0001
eGFR (mL/min/1.73m^2)	93.68 (91.87, 103.59)	96.50 (84.46, 110.22)	81.94 (62.84, 97.21)^b	50.37 (34.53, 85.61)^a,b,c	38.913	< 0.0001
TC (mmol/L)	3.98 ± 0.52	4.41 ± 0.96	4.11 ± 0.82^b	4.77 ± 1.26^a,c	3.214	0.024
TG (mmol/L)	1.06 (0.82, 1.57)	1.47 (1.03, 2.34)	1.40 (0.96, 2.53)	2.16 (1.47, 4.15)^a,c	13.126	0.004
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.51 (2.08, 2.86)	2.78 (2.48, 3.46)	2.69 (2.14, 3.20)	2.82 (2.41, 4.51)	6.974	0.073
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.11 (0.96, 1.25)	1.00 (0.84, 1.17)	0.91 (0.78, 1.08)^a	0.89 (0.83, 1.12)	10.499	0.015
UACR (mg/g)	3.60 (1.60, 13.00)	6.30 (2.90, 11.30)	73.25 (43.40, 152.30)^a,b	710.05 (513.78, 1492.80)^a,b,c	131.046	< 0.0001
VCAN (ng/mL)	39.19 ± 11.96	46.83 ± 12.63^a	52.92 ± 9.40^a,b	62.05 ± 9.99^a,b,c	14.112	< 0.0001

Notes: The data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) or median (interquartile range). ^aP < 0.05 vs the normal healthy group. ^bP < 0.05 vs the normal albuminuria group. ^cp < 0.05 vs the microalbuminuria group.

Abbreviations: T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin A1c; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST aspartate aminotransferase; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; UA, uric acid; SCr, serum creatinine; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; UACR, urinary albumin to creatinine ratio; VCAN versican.

Table 3 Levels of Serum VCAN and Clinical Characteristic in Female T2DM Groups with Different UACR

	Normal Healthy Group (n =31)	T2DM (n = 161)			F/x^2	P-values
		Normal Albuminuria Group (n = 88)	Microalbuminuria Group (n = 44)	Macroalbuminuria Group (n = 29)
Age (years)	57.40 ± 7.41	60.96 ± 9.81	62.83 ± 10.49	62.22 ± 5.95	1.075	0.363
Diabetic duration (years)	-	9.50 (3.75, 15.00)^a	13.50 (7.75, 20.00)^a,b	16.00 (12.50, 19.00)^a,b	26.548	< 0.0001
BMI (kg/m^2)	25.14 ± 4.03	23.78 ± 3.56	22.16 ± 3.75^a	25.06 ± 4.11^c	2.512	0.062
SBP (mmHg)	132.00 ± 13.16	130.06 ± 17.40	134.13 ± 24.96	149.44 ± 16.71^a,b,c	2.893	0.039
DBP (mmHg)	85.40 ± 13.15	76.69 ± 16.53^a	79.08 ± 14.32	82.78 ± 8.57	1.576	0.199
FBG (mmol/L)	4.87 (4.55, 5.30)	6.65 (5.44, 7.73)^a	7.39 (6.26, 10.70)^a	6.14 (5.09, 7.63)^a	24.125	< 0.0001
HbA1c (%)	5.74 (5.34, 6.10)	7.04 (6.63, 8.98)^a	8.72 (7.42, 11.87)^a,b	10.23 (6.59, 10.92)^a	37.422	< 0.0001
ALT (U/L)	14.40 (12.90, 18.70)	18.70 (12.10, 25.80)	17.70 (14.08, 22.40)	12.60 (11.65, 18.25)	5.409	0.144
AST (U/L)	18.20 (15.30, 18.70)	18.20 (14.80, 23.10)	19.15 (15.95, 23.00)	15.00 (14.10, 18.55)	5.761	0.124
BUN (mmol/L)	5.50 (4.30, 6.60)	5.60 (4.90, 6.50)	6.36 (4.72, 7.67)	7.40 (5.05, 13.95)	4.987	0.173
UA (µmol/L)	317.00 (253.00, 396.00)	286.80 (246.00, 344.10)	283.50 (247.05, 358.00)	317.20 (301.00, 446.50)	5.738	0.125
SCr (µmol/L)	60.50 (51.50, 78.90)	57.00 (50.00, 63.50)	59.85 (51.60, 79.75)	83.00 (69.25, 365.00)^a,b,c	18.638	<0.0001
eGFR (mL/min/1.73m^2)	101.39 (83.66, 118.09)	99.46 (91.61, 107.66)	83.85 (68.42, 104.71)^b	62.36 (13.83, 81.61)^a,b,c	21.936	< 0.0001
TC (mmol/L)	4.48 ± 0.94	4.51 ± 1.04	4.73 ± 0.97	5.56 ± 1.35^a,b,c	2.918	0.037
TG (mmol/L)	1.22 (0.73, 1.50)	1.50 (0.93, 2.24)	1.90 (1.02, 3.68)	1.80 (1.26, 2.23)	6.989	0.072
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.84 (2.11, 3.29)	2.70 (2.01, 3.57)	2.93 (2.31, 3.47)	3.91 (3.03, 4.77)	6.960	0.073
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.27 (1.12, 1.48)	1.22 (0.89, 1.49)	1.06 (0.82, 1.30)	1.22 (0.97, 1.47)	2.917	0.405
UACR (mg/g)	14.10 (4.00, 24.40)	6.20 (3.80, 10.50)	89.00 (45.08, 132.23)^a,b	1170.60 (612.80, 4262.10)^a,b,c	70.072	< 0.0001
VCAN (ng/mL)	44.21 ± 13.94	49.48 ± 14.37	50.20 ± 14.12	51.41 ± 14.20	0.732	0.535

Notes: The data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) or median (interquartile range). ^aP < 0.05 vs the normal healthy group. ^bP < 0.05 vs the normal albuminuria group. ^cp < 0.05 vs the microalbuminuria group.

Abbreviations: T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin A1c; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST aspartate aminotransferase; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; UA, uric acid; SCr, serum creatinine; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; UACR, urinary albumin to creatinine ratio; VCAN versican.

Table 4 Correlation Between VCAN and Clinical Characteristic in Male and Female T2DM Patients

Variable	All		Male		Female
	r	P-values	r	P-values	r	P-values
Age	0.016	0.778	−0.001	0.998	0.046	0.648
Diabetic duration	0.129	0.024	0.119	0.089	0.150	0.140
BMI	0.001	0.980	0.031	0.657	−0.039	0.697
SBP	0.204	< 0.0001	0.290	< 0.0001	0.067	0.510
DBP	0.064	0.262	0.077	0.269	0.055	0.586
FBG	0.007	0.906	0.010	0.888	0.001	0.995
HbA1c	−0.106	0.068	−0.103	0.108	−0.029	0.775
BUN	0.104	0.070	0.163	0.020	0.009	0.925
UA	0.210	< 0.0001	0.226	0.001	0.199	0.047
SCr	0.173	0.003	0.272	< 0.0001	0.061	0.544
eGFR	−0.207	0.001	−0.305	< 0.0001	−0.012	0.908
TC	0.066	0.257	0.106	0.135	−0.003	0.975
TG	0.054	0.352	0.104	0.142	−0.050	0.625
LDL-C	0.033	0.574	0.070	0.323	−0.030	0.770
HDL-C	0.024	0.679	−0.022	0.754	0.085	0.400
UACR	0.238	< 0.0001	0.360	< 0.0001	0.036	0.722

Abbreviations: VCAN versican; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin A1c; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST aspartate aminotransferase; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; UA, uric acid; SCr, serum creatinine; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; UACR, urinary albumin to creatinine ratio.

Figure 1 Diagnostic potential of VCAN in DKD in male patients with T2DM. The diagnostic potential of VCAN in DKD in male patients with T2DM was assessed by plotting the ROC curves.

Abbreviations: VCAN, versican; DKD diabetic kidney disease; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; ROC, receiver operating characteristic; AUC, area under the curve.