Association Between Weight Change During Adulthood and Chronic Kidney Disease: Results from a National Survey 2011–2018

Figures & data

Figure 1 Flow chart of inclusion and exclusion of study participants.

Table 1 Baseline Characteristics of Study Participants in the NHANES 2011–2018 According to Weight Change Patterns from Age 25 Years to Baseline

Characteristic	Overall, N = 12,284 (100%)	Stable Non-Obese, N = 7055 (58%)	Obese to Non-Obese, N = 209 (1.3%)	Non-Obese to Obese, N = 4107 (33%)	Stable Obesity, N = 913 (7.6%)	P value
BMI at 25 years old (kg/m^2)	30 (7)	25 (3)	27 (2)	35 (5)	40 (7)	<0.001
BMI at 10 years before baseline (kg/m^2)	28.3 (6.4)	25.1 (3.8)	32.0 (5.9)	31.1 (5.3)	39.2 (7.9)	<0.001
BMI at baseline (kg/m^2)	24.3 (4.6)	22.5 (2.7)	34.2 (5.1)	24.6 (3.0)	34.9 (5.3)	<0.001
Weight change (kg)	15 (16)	8 (9)	−21 (15)	28 (14)	13 (22)	<0.001
Age	58 (12)	58 (12)	59 (12)	58 (11)	54 (10)	<0.001
Sex						<0.001
Male	5975 (48%)	3636 (48%)	136 (63%)	1750 (45%)	453 (54%)
Female	6309 (52%)	3419 (52%)	73 (37%)	2357 (55%)	460 (46%)
Race						<0.001
Mexican American	1520 (6.2%)	739 (5.2%)	37 (8.2%)	621 (7.6%)	123 (7.5%)
Non-Hispanic White	4890 (71%)	2825 (72%)	88 (70%)	1607 (70%)	370 (70%)
Non-Hispanic Black	2736 (9.7%)	1287 (7.7%)	51 (12%)	1099 (12%)	299 (15%)
Other/multiracial	3138 (13%)	2204 (15%)	33 (11%)	780 (11%)	121 (7.6%)
Education Level						0.024
Less than high school	1260 (4.9%)	726 (5.0%)	27 (6.7%)	431 (5.0%)	76 (3.8%)
High School or GED	4279 (31%)	2367 (30%)	86 (36%)	1482 (34%)	344 (33%)
College or above	6737 (64%)	3956 (65%)	96 (57%)	2192 (62%)	493 (63%)
FIPR						<0.001
0–1.0	2079 (11%)	1111 (10%)	54 (21%)	726 (12%)	188 (14%)
1.0–3.0	4643 (33%)	2591 (32%)	83 (37%)	1615 (36%)	354 (35%)
>3.0	4451 (56%)	2718 (58%)	49 (43%)	1394 (53%)	290 (51%)
Smoking status						<0.001
Never smoker	5105 (54%)	2918 (55%)	63 (36%)	1732 (53%)	392 (51%)
Former smoker	2713 (30%)	1451 (27%)	39 (28%)	998 (34%)	225 (31%)
Current smoker	1662 (16%)	1018 (18%)	60 (36%)	442 (13%)	142 (17%)
Leisure time physical activity						<0.001
0 times/week	10,864 (86%)	6078 (81%)	194 (89%)	3753 (91%)	839 (92%)
1–2 times/week	672 (7.1%)	456 (9.1%)	8 (6.6%)	172 (4.4%)	36 (4.3%)
≥3 times/week	748 (7.4%)	521 (9.6%)	7 (4.2%)	182 (4.4%)	38 (4.0%)
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.42 (0.45)	1.52 (0.48)	1.39 (0.46)	1.29 (0.36)	1.25 (0.35)	<0.001
Total Cholesterol (mmol/L)	5.11 (1.10)	5.17 (1.08)	4.72 (1.16)	5.08 (1.14)	4.89 (1.04)	<0.001
Triglyceride (mmol/L)	1.43 (1.21)	1.29 (1.02)	1.25 (0.61)	1.65 (1.52)	1.60 (1.00)	<0.001
LDL-C (mmol/L)	3.01 (0.93)	3.03 (0.93)	2.84 (0.95)	2.98 (0.95)	2.94 (0.93)	0.061
Glucose (mmol/L)	6.23 (1.93)	5.90 (1.53)	6.47 (2.64)	6.59 (2.09)	7.25 (3.00)	<0.001
HbA1c (%)	5.83 (1.02)	5.65 (0.81)	6.09 (1.64)	6.04 (1.12)	6.24 (1.47)	<0.001
eGFR (mL/min/1.73m^2)	92 (32)	92 (31)	95 (38)	91 (32)	96 (33)	0.012
Scr (umol/L)	80 (31)	80 (31)	85 (46)	80 (27)	81 (39)	0.6
BUN (mmol/L)	5.37 (2.05)	5.33 (1.98)	5.64 (2.24)	5.39 (2.10)	5.55 (2.28)	0.12
ACR (mg/g)	40 (296)	31 (242)	83 (568)	48 (319)	69 (452)	<0.001
Diabetes	2982 (18%)	1202 (11%)	69 (28%)	1337 (27%)	374 (35%)	<0.001
Hypertension	5921 (44%)	2847 (35%)	122 (60%)	2387 (54%)	565 (56%)	<0.001
CVD	1233 (8.7%)	591 (6.9%)	43 (15%)	467 (11%)	132 (12%)	<0.001
Stroke	636 (3.9%)	334 (3.5%)	19 (5.4%)	232 (4.4%)	51 (4.5%)	0.11
Chronic bronchitis	839 (7.0%)	380 (5.8%)	20 (14%)	345 (8.4%)	94 (8.9%)	<0.001
COPD	527 (5.4%)	274 (5.1%)	15 (9.3%)	194 (5.8%)	44 (5.3%)	0.3
CKD	2893 (19%)	1486 (17%)	78 (27%)	1043 (22%)	286 (24%)	<0.001
Cancer	1608 (15%)	963 (16%)	31 (13%)	526 (15%)	88 (11%)	0.042

Notes: Data are given as median (sd) for continuous; n (%) for categorical; For categorical variables, P value was calculated by Rao-Scott χ² test, which is design adjusted version of Pearson χ² test. For continuous variables, Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to calculate P value.

Abbreviations: FIPR, family poverty income ratio; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol; SCr, serum creatinine; BUN, Blood urea nitrogen; ACR, albumin: creatinine ratio; eGFR,estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate;CVD, cardiovascular disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Figure 2 Odds Ratios (95% Confidence Intervals) for the association between weight change patterns and CKD risk across adulthood.