The Association Between Short Sleep Duration and Metabolic Syndrome: A Case-Control Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Comparison of Baseline Characteristics Between the Good and Poor Sleep Groups

Factor	Level	Good Sleep (N= 500)	Poor Sleep (N=500)	p-value
Age, median (IQR)		35.0 (27.0, 48.0)	39.5 (30.5, 50.0)	<0.001
Gender	Female	297 (59.4%)	245 (49.0%)	<0.001
	Male	203 (40.6%)	255 (51.0%)
Nationality	Non-Qatari	112 (22.4%)	133 (26.6%)	0.12
	Qatari	388 (77.6%)	367 (73.4%)
Educational Level	Primary & Secondary	221 (44.2%)	201 (40.2%)	0.27
	Undergraduate	256 (51.2%)	267 (53.4%)
	Postgraduate	23 (4.6%)	32 (6.4%)
Employment Status	Unemployed	206 (41.2%)	135 (27.0%)	<0.001
	Employed	292 (58.4%)	365 (73.0%)
	Missing	2 (0.4%)	0 (0.0%)
Metabolic Syndrome	No Risk Factors for MetS	93 (18.6%)	55 (11.0%)	<0.001
	1–2 Risk Factors for MetS	328 (65.6%)	331 (66.2%)
	Metabolic Syndrome	79 (15.8%)	114 (22.8%)
BMI	Not Overweight/Obese	125 (25.0%)	81 (16.2%)	0.002
	Overweight	197 (39.4%)	234 (46.8%)
	Obese	178 (35.6%)	185 (37.0%)
Smoking Status	Non-smokers	392 (78.4%)	395 (79.0%)	0.96
	Smokers	93 (18.6%)	93 (18.6%)
	Missing	15 (3.0%)	12 (2.4%)
Hypertension	Non-hypertensive	430 (86.0%)	415 (83.0%)	0.21
	Hypertensive	70 (14.0%)	84 (16.8%)
	Missing	0 (0.0%)	1 (0.2%)
Diabetes	No diabetes	346 (69.2%)	305 (61.0%)	0.023
	Prediabetes	80 (16.0%)	97 (19.4%)
	Diabetes	74 (14.8%)	98 (19.6%)
Dyslipidemia	No Dyslipidemia	370 (74.0%)	345 (69.0%)	0.080
	Dyslipidemia	130 (26.0%)	155 (31.0%)
Waist Circumference, mean (SD)		86.0 (12.4)	88.8 (11.8)	<0.001
Triglyceride, median (IQR)		1.1 (0.8, 1.5)	1.1 (0.8, 1.6)	0.56
LDL-Cholesterol, median (IQR)		2.8 (2.2, 3.3)	2.8 (2.3, 3.4)	0.19
HDL-Cholesterol, median (IQR)		1.4 (1.1, 1.7)	1.3 (1.1, 1.6)	0.27
Total Cholesterol, median (IQR)		4.7 (4.1, 5.4)	4.8 (4.2, 5.5)	0.35

Abbreviations: IQR, interquartile range; BMI, body mass index; SD, standard deviation; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein.

Figure 1 Comparison of proportions of MetS between individuals with good and poor sleep.

Table 2 Association Between MetS and Its Components with Sleeping Status

Variable	Sublevel	Unadjusted		Overall Adjusted
		OR (95% CI)	P-value	OR (95% CI)	p-value
Metabolic Syndrome	No Risk Factors	Reference
	1–2 Risk Factors	1.71 (1.18–2.46)	0.004	1.50 (1.01–2.20)	0.042
	Yes	2.44 (1.57–3.79)	0.000	1.91 (1.14–3.20)	0.014
Dyslipidaemia	No	Reference
	Yes	1.28 (0.97–1.68)	0.080	1.04 (0.77–1.41)	0.792
Diabetes	No Diabetes	Reference
	Prediabetes	1.38 (0.99–1.92)	0.061	1.19 (0.83–1.70)	0.336
	Diabetes	1.50 (1.07–2.11)	0.019	1.29 (0.88–1.88)	0.189
Hypertension	No Hypertension	Reference
	Hypertension	1.24 (0.88–1.76)	0.215	1.02 (0.70–1.49)	0.917
BMI	Not Overweight/ Obese	Reference
	Overweight	1.83 (1.31–2.57)	0.000	1.60 (1.12–2.27)	0.009
	Obese	1.60 (1.13–2.27)	0.008	1.38 (0.95–2.01)	0.088
Hypertriglyceridemia	No	Reference
	Yes	1.32 (0.98–1.77)	0.070	1.06 (0.78–1.46)	0.698
Hypercholesterolemia	Normal	Reference
	Borderline	1.03 (0.77–1.36)	0.863	0.91 (0.68–1.22)	0.522
	High	0.98 (0.61–1.57)	0.924	0.82 (0.51–1.33)	0.427
Hypo-HDL Cholesterol	No	Reference
	Yes	1.09 (0.76 −1.56)	0.648	0.86 (0.59–1.26)	0.438
Waist Circumference		1.02 (1.01–1.03)	0.000	1.01 (0.99–1.02)	0.440

Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; IQR, interquartile range; BMI, body mass index; SD, standard deviation; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein.

Table 3 Association Between MetS and Its Components with Sleeping Status Stratified by Gender

Variable	Sublevel	Female		Male
		OR (95% CI)	P-value	OR (95% CI)	p-value
Metabolic Syndrome	1–2 Risk factors	1.28 (0.77–2.12)	0.346	1.84 (1.00–3.34)	0.050
	Yes	1.66 (0.817–3.38)	0.161	2.30 (1.07–4.94)	0.032
Dyslipidemia	Yes	1.14 (0.74–1.76)	0.539	0.95 (0.62–1.44)	0.802
Diabetes	Prediabetes	1.09 (0.65–1.84)	0.738	1.23 (0.75–2.04)	0.411
	Diabetes	1.56 (0.94–2.60)	0.088	1.01 (0.58–1.76)	0.984
Hypertension	Hypertension	1.02 (0.59–1.76)	0.954	1.00 (0.59–1.70)	0.997
BMI categories	Overweight	1.20 (0.74–1.95)	0.460	2.17 (1.30–3.63)	0.003
	Obese	1.09 (0.65–1.81)	0.743	1.82 (1.05–3.17)	0.034
Hypertriglyceridemia	Yes	1.38 (0.85–2.25)	0.194	0.85 (0.56–1.29)	0.450
Hypercholesterolemia	Borderline	0.83 (0.56–1.24)	0.367	0.99 (0.64–1.54)	0.981
	High	1.17 (0.58–2.36)	0.655	0.59 (0.30–1.16)	0.128
Hypo-HDL Cholesterolemia	Yes	0.84 (0.36–1.94)	0.682	0.85 (0.55–1.31)	0.456
Waist Circumference in cm		1.00 (0.98–1.02)	0.711	1.01 (0.99–1.03)	0.483

Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; IQR, interquartile range; BMI, body mass index; SD, standard deviation; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein.