Association Between Physical Activity and Arterial Stiffness in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in Ningbo, China: A Cross-Sectional Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Characteristics of Patients with T2DM in the Study

	Total (n=4444, 100%)
Age (years)
18–39	868 (19.5%)
40–59	2447 (55.1%)
≥60	1129 (25.4%)
Sex
Male	2819 (63.4%)
Female	1625 (36.6%)
Current smoker
Yes	1398 (31.5%)
No	3045 (68.5%)
Unknown	1 (0.0%)
Current alcohol drinker
Yes	1918 (43.2%)
No	2520 (56.7%)
Unknown	6 (0.1%)
Physical activity
High	291 (6.5%)
Moderate	2087 (47.0%)
Low	2066 (46.5%)
Sedentary time (hours)^a	35.0 (23.0, 49.0)
Overweight/obesity
Yes	2858 (64.3%)
No	1585 (35.7%)
Unknown	1 (0.0%)
High blood pressure
Yes	3415 (76.8%)
No	1023 (23.0%)
Unknown	6 (0.1%)
Hyperlipidemia
Yes	4038 (90.9%)
No	282 (6.3%)
Unknown	124 (2.8%)
Duration of T2DM (years)
<5	2350 (52.9%)
≥5-<10	857 (19.3%)
≥10	1237 (27.8%)
HbA1c (%)
<7	1469 (33.1%)
≥7	2853 (64.2%)
Unknown	122 (2.7%)
Arterial stiffness based on baPWV
Yes	837 (18.8%)
No	3607 (81.2%)
Arterial stiffness based on CCA IMT
Yes	776 (17.5%)
No	3668 (82.5%)

Note: ^aMedian (interquartile range).

Abbreviations: T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; baPWV, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; CCA IMT, common carotid artery intima-media thickness.

Table 2 Association Between Physical Activity and Arterial Stiffness (Based on baPWV) in Patients with T2DM

	OR (95% CI)	P value
Unadjusted
Low physical activity	1
Moderate physical activity	1.21 (1.03, 1.43)	0.022^
High physical activity	0.82 (0.58, 1.17)	0.273
Adjusted*
Low physical activity	1
Moderate physical activity	0.82 (0.68, 0.98)	0.028^
High physical activity	0.58 (0.39, 0.87)	0.008^

Notes: *Adjusted for age, sex, current smoker, current alcohol drinker, sedentary time, overweight/obesity, high blood pressure, hyperlipidemia, duration of T2DM, and HbA1c. ^Statistically significant.

Abbreviations: baPWV, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin.

Table 3 Association Between Physical Activity and Arterial Stiffness (Based on CCA IMT) in Patients with T2DM

	OR (95% CI)	P value
Unadjusted
Low physical activity	1
Moderate physical activity	1.13 (0.95, 1.33)	0.163
High physical activity	0.61 (0.41, 0.91)	0.016^
Adjusted*
Low physical activity	1
Moderate physical activity	0.93 (0.78, 1.10)	0.379
High physical activity	0.49 (0.33, 0.74)	0.001^

Notes: *Adjusted for age, sex, current smoker, current alcohol drinker, sedentary time, overweight/obesity, high blood pressure, hyperlipidemia, duration of T2DM, and HbA1c. ^Statistically significant.

Abbreviations: CCA IMT, common carotid artery intima-media thickness; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin.

Data Sharing Statement

The dataset will be available upon request unless there are legal or ethical reasons for not doing so.