The Correlation Between Glycation Gap and Renal Complications in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Figures & data

Table 1 Clinical Characteristics of Study subjects

Characteristics	Total	Male	Female	p-value
Age (years)	66.30 ± 13.60	64.30 ± 14.80	68.20 ± 12.00	0.1420
BMI (kg/m^2)	24.00 ± 4.10	24.40 ± 3.60	23.60 ± 4.50	0.3060
SBP (mmHg)	131.30 ± 18.30	132.50 ± 19.20	130.20 ± 17.50	0.6400
DBP (mmHg)	74.80 ± 10.70	76.00 ± 11.40	73.70 ± 9.90	0.2740
Duration of diabetes (years)	9.30 ± 7.30	8.80 ± 6.10	9.90 ± 8.30	0.448

Note: t-test for independent variables was employed for comparing two means.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP diastolic blood pressure.

Figure 1 The correlation between HbA1c and serum fructosamine.

Figure 2 The correlation between GG and HbA1c.

Abbreviation: GG, glycation gap.

Table 2 Correlation Between UACR and Some Glycemic Parameters

Parameters	UACR (mg/mmol)
	r	p*
GG (%)	0.3275	0.0007
HbA1c (%)	0.2437	0.0127
Fructosamine (µmol/L)	−0.1021	0.3025
FBG (mg/dL)	0.1846	0.0607

Notes: The bold value showed the variables had a correlation to markers with p < 0.05. *Spearman correlation.

Abbreviations: GG, glycation gap; FBG, fasting plasma glucose; UACR, urine albumin creatinine ratio.

Figure 3 The correlation between GG and UACR.

Abbreviations: GG, glycation gap; UACR, urinary albumin creatinine ratio.

Table 3 Relationships Between Some Glycemic Parameters and UACR

Parameters	Categories for Albuminuria			p-value
	A1	A2	A3
	n = 23	n = 25	n = 56
GG (%)	−1.52 ± 1.50	0.49 ± 1.60	0.40 ± 1.60	0.0000
HbA1c (%)	6.70 ± 1.60	7.40 ± 1.70	7.70 ± 2.00	0.0583
Fructosamine (µmol/L)	284.70 ± 88.90	218.90 ± 77.70	241.10 ± 88.90	0.0302
FBG (mg/dL)	124.00 ± 21.70	134.90 ± 75.40	150.20 ± 58.80	0.1638

Notes: The one-way ANOVA was used to compare mean differences in 3 groups. The bold value showed the variables had a correlation to markers with p < 0.05.

Abbreviations: GG, glycation gap; FBG, fasting plasma glucose; UACR, urinary albumin creatinine ratio.

Table 4 Correlation Between Some Glycemic Parameters and eGFR

Parameters	eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2)
	r	p*
GG (%)	−0.3400	0.0004
HbA1c (%)	−0.444	0.6542
Fructosamine (µmol/L)	0.2426	0.0131
FBG (mg/dL)	0.1249	0.2065

Notes: The bold value showed the variables had a correlation to markers with p < 0.05. *Spearman correlation.

Abbreviations: GG, glycation gap; FBG, fasting plasma glucose; eGFR, estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate.

Figure 4 The correlation between GG and eGFR.

Abbreviations: GG, glycation gap; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.

Table 5 Relationships Between Some Glycemic Parameters and eGFR

Parameters	eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2)		p-value
	< 60 mL/min/1.73m^2	≥ 60 mL/min/1.73m^2
	n = 85	n = 19
GG (%)	0.32 ± 1.55	−1.44 ± 1.96	0.0000
HbA1c (%)	6.70 ± 1.16	7.60 ± 1.90	0.4895
Fructosamine (µmol/L)	226.50 ± 73.50	329.70 ± 102.40	0.0000
FBG (mg/dL)	139.70 ± 60.30	145.40 ± 64.30	0.7200

Notes: t-test for independent variables was employed for comparing two means. The bold value showed the variables had a correlation to markers with p <0.05.

Abbreviations: GG, glycation gap; FBG, fasting plasma glucose; UACR, urinary albumin creatinine ratio.