Association of HbA1c Variability with Vibrating Perception Threshold in Middle-Aged and Elderly Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Characteristics of the Study Cohort

Variables	The Control Group (n=233)	The VSD Group (n=134)	P value
Demographic factors
Age (years)	60.02(55.00, 65.00)	65.21(58.00, 72.00)	<0.001***
Gender (Male, %)	63.9%	67.2%	0.534
Smoking habits (%)	31.3%	35.8%	0.378
Alcohol consumption (%)	23.2%	26.1%	0.526
Exercise habits (%)	30.4%	23.9%	0.176
Diabetes-related characteristics
Diabetic duration (years)	12.65(8.00, 16.50)	15.19(9.00, 20.00)	0.001**
HbA1c-Mean (%)	7.56(6.67, 8.27)	8.11(7.09, 9.03)	<0.001***
HbA1c-CV	0.09(0.06, 0.11)	0.13(0.09, 0.17)	<0.001***
FPG (mmol/l)	7.01(5.75, 8.15)	7.90(6.04, 9.85)	<0.001***
FC-P (ng/mL)	2.24(1.64, 2.66)	2.14(1.58, 2.52)	0.249
HOMA-β	81.18(48.40, 99.65)	70.78(37.93, 94.85)	0.006**
HOMA-IR	1.82(1.32, 2.21)	1.81(1.33, 2.18)	0.834
Neuropathy parameters
Left VPT (V)	11.92(7.65, 16.00)	31.45(25.28, 39.58)	<0.001***
Right VPT (V)	12.31(8.20, 15.40)	30.08(24.10, 38.38)	<0.001***
Clinical variables
BMI (kg/m^2)	24.88±2.79	25.15±3.11	0.400
BSA (m^2)	1.76±0.16	1.78±0.17	0.394
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	125.81±13.21	132.29±15.65	<0.001***
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	74.95(68.00, 80.00)	74.81(67.00, 81.00)	0.936
TC (mmol/L)	4.34(3.64, 5.03)	4.29(3.53, 4.83)	0.512
TG (mmol/L)	1.84(0.95, 2.36)	1.60(0.90, 1.93)	0.149
ALT (U/L)	21.83(15.00, 26.00)	19.48(13.00, 24.00)	0.014*
AST (U/L)	20.17(17.00, 23.00)	19.33(16.00, 22.00)	0.058
eGFR (mL·min^−1·1.73m^2)	86.24(71.20, 99.21)	73.93(58.02, 88.04)	<0.001***
24h urinary protein (mg/L)	83.49(52.00, 102.07)	94.77(63.95, 118.69)	0.006**
UACR (mg/g)	23.16(13.87, 27.81)	22.58(14.53, 27.35)	0.753
T3 (nmol/L)	1.59(1.37, 1.78)	1.50(1.30, 1.67)	0.002**
T4 (nmol/L)	98.56(87.32, 107.80)	95.26(80.47, 106.73)	0.065
TSH (mIU/L)	2.21(1.28, 2.99)	2.16(1.32, 2.70)	0.784

Notes: *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.

Abbreviations: VPT, Vibrating perception threshold; VSD, vibration sensation deficiency.

Table 2 Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis of T2DM Patients with VSD-Related Influencing Factors

Variable	β	SE	Wald χ^2	OR	95% CI	P value
Age	0.063	0.020	10.019	1.066	1.024~1.108	0.002**
Diabetic duration	0.038	0.021	3.168	1.039	0.996~1.083	0.075
SBP	0.018	0.009	3.919	1.018	1.000~1.037	0.048*
eGFR	−0.017	0.007	5.259	0.983	0.969~0.998	0.022*
24h urinary protein	0.003	0.003	1.128	1.003	0.997~1.009	0.288
ALT	−0.032	0.014	5.382	0.968	0.943~0.995	0.020*
T3	−1.254	0.484	6.700	0.285	0.111~0.738	0.010*
HOMA-β	0.002	0.004	0.399	1.002	0.995~1.010	0.528
HbA1c-Mean	0.222	0.124	3.200	1.249	0.979~1.594	0.074
HbA1c-CV	0.764	0.146	27.375	2.146	1.612~2.857	<0.001***

Notes: *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.

Abbreviation: VSD, vibration sensation deficiency.

Table 3 Generalized Linear Regression Analysis of HbA1c-CV and the Left and Right VPT Values in Middle-Aged and Elderly Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Variable	Left VPT			Right VPT
	B	95% CI	P value	B	95% CI	P value
HbA1c-CV (unadjusted)	3.621	2.408~4.833	<0.001***	3.603	2.528~4.677	<0.001***
HbA1c -CV (adjusted for model 1: Age, Duration, SBP, ALT, HOMA-β, eGFR, T3, 24h urinary protein)	2.884	1.677~4.092	<0.001***	2.907	1.854~3.959	<0.001***
HbA1c-CV (adjusted for model 2: model 1, HbA1c-Mean)	2.560	1.298~3.823	<0.001***	2.608	1.498~3.718	<0.001***

Note: ***p < 0.001.

Abbreviations: VPT, Vibrating perception threshold; VSD, vibration sensation deficiency.

Figure 1 ROC curve analysis for HbA1c-CV and VSD prevalence.

Abbreviation: VSD, vibration sensation deficiency.