Relationship Between Asymptomatic Hyperuricemia and the Hypertriglyceridemic-Waist Phenotype in Korean Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Characteristics of the Subjects in Each Triglyceride-Waist Phenotypes

Variables	Total	NTNW	NTGW	HTNW	HTGW	P-value
No. of subjects (%)	23,240	15,243 (65.5)	1920 (8.3)	4222 (18.2)	1855 (8.0)
Male (%)	14,229 (61.2)	7799 (51.2)	1370 (71.4)	3458 (81.9)	1602 (86.4)	<0.001
Age (year)	45.28±11.11	44.16±10.95	49.97±12.52^a	46.35±10.21^ab	47.12±11.01^ab	<0.001
BMI (kg/m^2)	23.83±3.25	22.61±2.59	27.89±2.78^a	24.42±2.27^ab	28.31±2.60^abc	<0.001
WC (cm)	79.54±9.36	75.58±7.45	92.72±5.10^a	81.53±5.38^ab	93.89±4.94^abc	<0.001
SBP (mmHg)	109.44±14.04	106.75±13.45	115.95±13.71^a	112.61±13.39^ab	117.62±13.77^abc	<0.001
DBP (mmHg)	70.49±10.31	68.48±9.80	75.16±10.07^a	72.95±10.00^ab	76.65±10.07^abc	0.001
TC (mg/dL)	192.96±33.99	187.10±31.72	193.10±32.89^a	207.33±34.71^ab	208.31±36.79^ab	<0.001
TG (mg/dL)	123.67±86.48	83.07±30.86	101.63±29.47^a	226.67±96.85^ab	245.60±102.87^abc	<0.001
HDL-C (mg/dL)	56.03±13.77	59.97±13.49	52.52±11.75^a	47.95±10.54^ab	45.74±9.43^abc	<0.001
LDL-C (mg/dL)	118.46±30.96	113.50±29.22	124.11±29.93^a	128.82±31.87^ab	130.05±33.82^ab	<0.001
FBG (mg/dL)	90.26±18.33	87.26±14.52	95.33±20.81^a	94.14±21.17^a	100.85±27.64^abc	<0.001
HbA1c (%)	5.59±0.70	5.48±0.57	5.81±0.84^a	5.71±0.78^ab	5.99±1.00^abc	<0.001
Insulin (µU/mL)	4.88±3.06	3.99±2.34	6.45±3.75^a	5.79±2.80^ab	8.10±3.99^abc	<0.001
BUN (mg/dL)	13.66±3.59	13.49±3.54	14.59±3.92^a	13.68±3.65^ab	14.04±3.34^abc	<0.001
Creatinine (mg/dL)	1.07±0.25	1.04±0.25	1.09±0.16^a	1.14±0.30^ab	1.15±0.15^ab	<0.001
UA (mg/dL)	5.34±1.47	5.00±1.36	5.71±1.44^a	5.95±1.41^ab	6.33±1.49^abc	<0.001
Hypertension (%)	1922 (8.3)	820 (5.4)	296 (15.4)	463 (11.0)	343 (18.5)	<0.001
Diabetes (%)	799 (3.4)	268 (1.8)	124 (6.5)	223 (5.3)	184 (9.9)	<0.001
Metabolic syndrome (%)	2253 (9.7)	99 (0.6)	265 (13.8)	628 (14.9)	1261 (68.0)	<0.001

Notes: Values are presented as means ± standard deviations, BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; UA, uric acid; NTNW, normal TG and normal waist. ^aSignificantly different from NTNW at P<0.05, ^bSignificantly different from NTGW at P<0.05, ^cSignificantly different from HTNW at P<0.05.

Abbreviations: NTGW, normal TG with enlarged waist; HTNW, high TG with normal waist; HTGW, high TG with enlarged waist.

Figure 1 Prevalence of hyperuricemia by sex and triglyceride waist phenotypes; (a) All subjects, (b) Gender classification.

Abbreviations: NTNW, normal TG and normal waist; NTGW, normal TG with enlarged waist; HTNW, high TG with normal waist; HTGW, high TG with enlarged waist.

Table 2 Odds Ratios for Hyperuricemia at Different Levels of Triglyceride Waist Phenotypes

	Crude Model		Model 1		Model 2
	OR (95% CI)	P-value	OR (95% CI)	P-value	OR (95% CI)	P-value
Total
NTNW	Reference		Reference		Reference
NTGW	2.571 (2.278–2.901)	<0.001	1.181 (1.020–1.369)	0.026	1.203 (1.036–1.398)	0.016
HTNW	3.031 (2.775–3.310)	<0.001	1.865 (1.698–2.049)	<0.001	1.440 (1.285–1.614)	<0.001
HTGW	4.694 (4.204–5.240)	<0.001	1.679 (1.462–1.929)	<0.001	1.388 (1.189–1.621)	<0.001
Men
NTNW	Reference		Reference		Reference
NTGW	1.824 (1.596–2.086)	<0.001	1.166 (0.996–1.366)	0.056	1.193 (1.015–1.402)	0.032
HTNW	1.990 (1.809–2.188)	<0.001	1.783 (1.616–1.967)	<0.001	1.408 (1.249–1.587)	<0.001
HTGW	2.887 (2.566–3.249)	<0.001	1.655 (1.430–1.916)	<0.001	1.380 (1.172–1.626)	<0.001
Women
NTNW	Reference		Reference		Reference
NTGW	3.983 (2.917–5.440)	<0.001	1.436 (0.961–2.145)	0.077	1.424 (0.943–2.151)	0.093
HTNW	3.446 (2.586–4.592)	<0.001	2.549 (1.886–3.445)	<0.001	1.725 (1.192–2.497)	0.004
HTGW	7.341 (5.139–10.487)	<0.001	2.650 (1.711–4.104)	<0.001	2.082 (1.289–3.362)	0.003

Notes: Model 1 was adjusted for age, sex, and BMI. Model 2 was adjusted for model 1 plus SBP, DBP, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, and FBG.

Abbreviations: NTNW, normal TG and normal waist; NTGW, normal TG with enlarged waist; HTNW, high TG with normal waist; HTGW, high TG with enlarged waist; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.

Table 3 Association of HTGW Phenotype and Hyperuricemia

	Crude Model		Model 1		Model 2
	OR (95% CI)	P-value	OR (95% CI)	P-value	OR (95% CI)	P-value
Total
Non- HTGW	Reference		Reference		Reference
HTGW	3.175 (2.862–3.523)	<0.001	1.294 (1.146–1.460)	<0.001	1.080 (0.949–1.230)	0.243
Men
Non- HTGW	Reference		Reference		Reference
HTGW	2.173 (1.946–2.427)	<0.001	1.295 (1.140–1.470)	<0.001	1.087 (0.949–1.246)	0.229
Women
Non- HTGW	Reference		Reference		Reference
HTGW	5.330 (3.770–7.536)	<0.001	1.888 (1.284–2.776)	0.001	1.457 (0.966–2.196)	0.072

Notes: Model 1 was adjusted for age, sex, and BMI. Model 2 was adjusted for model 1 plus SBP, DBP, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, and FBG.

Abbreviations: HTGW, high TG with enlarged waist; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.

Table 4 Odds Ratios for Hyperuricemia According to Triglyceride Waist Phenotypes by Various Risk Factors

Subgroups	NTNW		NTGW		HTNW		HTGW
	OR (95% CI)	P-value	OR (95% CI)	P-value	OR (95% CI)	P-value	OR (95% CI)	P-value
Age (year)
<60	Reference		1.215 (1.031–1.430)	0.020	1.463 (1.298–1.650)	<0.001	1.396 (1.184–1.646)	<0.001
≥60	Reference		1.052 (0.707–1.566)	0.803	1.248 (0.855–1.822)	0.251	1.254 (0.788–1.995)	0.340
BMI (kg/m^2)
<25.0 (non-obesity)	Reference		2.346 (1.514–3.633)	<0.001	1.330 (1.123–1.575)	0.001	1.545 (0.842–2.835)	0.160
≥25.0 (obesity)	Reference		1.204 (1.020–1.422)	0.029	1.495 (1.278–1.748)	<0.001	1.518 (1.273–1.811)	<0.001
High LDL-C
No	Reference		1.232 (1.049–1.446)	0.011	1.477 (1.304–1.672)	<0.001	1.398 (1.181–1.654)	<0.001
Yes	Reference		1.013 (0.653–1.572)	0.954	1.232 (0.920–1.651)	0.161	1.315 (0.881–1.962)	0.181
High TC
No	Reference		1.214 (1.037–1.422)	0.016	1.411 (1.244–1.600)	<0.001	1.282 (1.080–1.522)	0.005
Yes	Reference		0.987 (0.592–1.644)	0.959	1.427 (1.051–1.937)	0.022	1.818 (1.221–2.707)	0.003
Low HDL-C
No	Reference		1.296 (1.101–1.526)	0.002	1.388 (1.220–1.578)	<0.001	1.423 (1.192–1.698)	<0.001
Yes	Reference		0.768 (0.514–1.148)	0.199	1.327 (1.017–1.732)	0.037	1.078 (0.767–1.516)	0.665
Diabetes
No	Reference		1.207 (1.036–1.405)	0.016	1.384 (1.232–1.555)	<0.001	1.311 (1.118–1.537)	0.001
Yes	Reference		0.615 (0.188–2.011)	0.421	1.998 (0.888–4.492)	0.094	2.546 (1.041–6.226)	0.041

Note: Adjusted for age, sex, BMI, SBP, DBP, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, and FBG.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NTNW, normal TG and normal waist; NTGW, normal TG with enlarged waist; HTNW, high TG with normal waist; HTGW, high TG with enlarged waist, OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.

Table 5 Areas Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AUC) of the Indicators to Detect Hyperuricemia

Variable		AUC	95% CI	Sensitivity	Specificity	P-value
Total	WC (cm)	0.712	0.704–0.721	0.735	0.582	<0.001
	TG (mg/dL)	0.682	0.673–0.691	0.640	0.629	<0.001
	TG * WC	0.702	0.693–0.711	0.627	0.672	<0.001
Men	WC (cm)	0.614	0.603–0.625	0.631	0.537	<0.001
	TG (mg/dL)	0.617	0.606–0.628	0.558	0.612	<0.001
	TG * WC	0.627	0.617–0.638	0.602	0.588	<0.001
Women	WC (cm)	0.693	0.664–0.721	0.678	0.639	<0.001
	TG (mg/dL)	0.666	0.637–0.696	0.586	0.684	<0.001
	TG * WC	0.685	0.656-–0.715	0.689	0.613	<0.001

Abbreviations: WC, waist circumference; TG, triglyceride; AUC, area under the ROC curve; CI, confidence interval.