Associations of Serum Uric Acid to High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Ratio with Trunk Fat Mass and Visceral Fat Accumulation

Figures & data

Table 1 Clinical Characteristics of Participants

Variables	Total	Non-Obese	Obese
	N = 300	N = 81	N = 219
Age (year)	34.8 ± 10.1	42.5 ± 10.4	31.8 ± 8.3**
BMI (kg/m^2)	34.7 (28.4–40.7)	22.9 (21.7–25.2)	38.1 (33.2–42.0)**
WC (cm)	110.0 (96.0–123.0)	82.5 (78.0–90.5)	116.0 (106.0–126.0)**
Total fat%	45.2 (34.6–52.4)	29.1 (23.7–33.8)	48.2 (43.7–54.9)**
Total FM (kg)	43.6 (26.7–58.1)	17.6 (14.7–21.4)	50.9 (41.2–62.5)**
Total FFM (kg)	48.7 (45.2–53.3)	42.8 (39.6–48.0)	49.6 (47.3–54.4)**
Leg fat%	15.0 (12.5–16.9)	11.5 (9.2–12.4)	16.0 (14.6–17.5)**
Leg FM (kg)	14.4 (9.4–18.7)	6.7 (5.8–7.7)	16.5 (13.3–20.3)**
Trunk fat%	25.5 (19.6–28.9)	15.4 (13.1–18.7)	27.0 (24.3–30.2)**
Trunk FM (kg)	24.7 (14.8–32.2)	9.4 (7.7–12.2)	28.6 (22.9–34.3)**
SBP (mmHg)	128 (118–137)	120 (108–128)	128 (120–138)**
DBP (mmHg)	82 (73–90)	74 (69–83)	84 (76–92)**
FPG (mmol/L)	5.37 (4.83–6.41)	4.90 (4.50–5.40)	5.55 (4.99–6.84)**
HbA1c (%)	5.8 (5.4–6.5)	5.4 (5.3–5.7)	5.9 (5.5–6.7)**
TC (mmol/L)	4.95 (4.33–5.56)	4.82 (4.12–5.44)	5.06 (4.44–5.74)*
TG (mmol/L)	1.47 (1.12–2.13)	1.33 (0.86–1.65)	1.56 (1.16–2.25)**
HDL-c (mmol/L)	1.17 (0.98–1.42)	1.22 (1.00–1.54)	1.19 (1.01–1.42)
LDL-c (mmol/L)	3.01 ± 0.87	2.87 ± 0.86	3.14 ± 0.86*
ALT (U/L)	35 (22–63)	24 (17–35)	42 (25–72)**
AST (U/L)	24 (19–38)	22 (19–26)	25 (19–43)**
UA (μmol/L)	389 (311–458)	303 (242–358)	416 (349–476)**
UHR (%)	31.8 (22.8–41.8)	22.6 (17.0–34.4)	33.7 (26.2–45.9)**
Men	40.7 (32.2–54.4)	36.6 (23.8–41.6)	43.8 (35.2–61.2)**
Women	30.3 (21.6–39.0)	20.5 (16.1–29.4)	32.3 (24.7–41.8)**
Hyperuricemia, N (%)	112 (37.3)	36 (44.4)	76 (34.7)
Diabetes, N (%)	67 (22.3)	4 (4.9)	63 (28.8)**
Hypertension, N (%)	48 (16)	3 (3.7)	45 (20.5)**
Dyslipidemia, N (%)	202 (67.3)	43 (53.1)	159 (72.6)*

Notes: Data were means ± standard deviation or medians (interquartile range). The comparisons were performed between obese and non-obese groups. For variables with a normal distribution, the independent-samples t test was used. For variables with a skewed distribution, the Wilcoxon rank sum test was used.** P < 0.01,* P < 0.05.

Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; fat%, fat percentage; FFM, fat-free mass; FM, fat mass; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin A1c; HDL-c, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-c, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; UA, uric acid; UHR, uric acid to high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio; WC, waist circumference.

Figure 1 Spearman correlation analysis of UHR and fat distribution parameters.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; fat%, fat percentage; FFM, fat-free mass; FM, fat mass; UHR, uric acid to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio; WC, waist circumference.

Figure 2 Adjusted associations of standardized adiposity measure with UHR. Adjusted associations of fat distribution parameters with UHR. Results were based on linear regression analyses and expressed as standardized β with a 95% confidence interval in UHR per standard deviation of adiposity measure. The adjustment was for age, gender, SBP, DBP, ALT, AST, TG, LDL-c, and HbA1c.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; FM, fat mass; FFM, fat-free mass; UHR, uric acid to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio; CI, confidence interval.

Table 2 Correlations of VFA and SFA with UHR in Participants with Obesity

Variables	Adjusted model			Model 1			Model 2			Model 3
	Standardized β	t	P	Standardized β	t	P	Standardized β	t	P	Standardized β	t	P
VFA	0.188	2.661	0.008	0.188	2.655	0.009	0.187	2.631	0.009	0.188	2.655	0.009
SFA	0.016	0.245	0.807	0.020	0.300	0.765	0.017	0.255	0.799	0.016	0.245	0.806
Diabetes				0.050	0.537	0.592
Hypertension							0.046	0.666	0.506
Dyslipidemia										0.002	0.027	0.978

Notes: Adjusted model: age, gender, SBP, DBP, ALT, AST, TG, LDL-c, and HbA1c. Model 1: adjusted model + diabetes. Model 2: adjusted model + hypertension. Model 3: adjusted model + dyslipidemia.

Abbreviations: VFA, visceral fat area; SFA, subcutaneous fat area; UHR, uric acid to high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio.