Migraine Duration as a Potential Amplifier of Obesity

Figures & data

Table 1 Characteristics of the Participants

	Group 1 (n=15)	Group 2 (n=27)	Group 3 (n=19)	Group 4 (n=28)	χ^2	p value
Age(year)	44.2±10.2	38.4±9.9	41.0±10.1	44.7±11.5		0.155
Height(cm)	160.7±8.0	157.2±4.8	158.3±5.8	159.3±8.1		0.595
Gender					3.59	0.309
Female	13 (86.7%)	26 (96.3%)	15 (78.9%)	25 (92.9%)
Male	2 (13.3%)	1 (3.7%)	4 (21.1%)	3 (7.1%)
Educational duration					2.41	0.493
Less than 9 years	11 (73.3%)	14 (51.9%)	12 (63.2%)	19 (67.9%)
More than 9 years	4 (26.7%)	13 (48.1%)	7 (36.8%)	9 (32.1%)
Labor intensity					25.48	0.940
Mild	12 (80%)	23 (85.2%)	15 (78.9%)	22 (78.6%)
Moderate	3 (20%)	3 (11.1%)	3 (15.8%)	6 (21.4%)
Heavy	0 (0%)	1 (3.7%)	1 (5.3%)	0 (0%)
Work stress					55.83	<0.001
None	12 (80.0%)	17 (63.0%)	8 (42.1%)	15 (53.6%)
Mild	2 (13.3%)	5 (18.5%)	7 (36.8%)	6 (21.4%)
Moderate	0 (0%)	1 (3.7%)	4 (21.1%)	7 (25%)
Heavy	1 (6.7%)	4 (14.8%)	0	0
Smoking history					2.67	0.445
Yes	0	0	1 (5.3%)	1 (3.6%)
None	15 (100%)	27 (100%)	18 (94.7%)	27 (96.4%)
Drinking history					2.67	0.445
Yes	1 (6.7%)	1 (3.7%)	1 (5.3%)	1 (3.6%)
None	14 (93.3%)	26 (96.3%)	18 (94.7%)	27 (96.4%)
Sleep quality					11.06	0.107
Satisfied	10 (66.7%)	10 (37.0%)	11 (57.9%)	10 (35.7%)
Slight dissatisfaction	3 (20.0%)	13 (48.2%)	5 (26.3%)	7 (25.0%)
Serious dissatisfaction	2 (13.3%)	4 (14.8%)	3 (15.8%)	11 (39.3%)
Exercise intensity					25.48	<0.001
None	7 (46.7%)	21 (77.8%)	18 (94.7%)	13 (46.4%)
Mild	8 (53.3%)	4 (14.8%)	0	11 (39.3%)
Moderate	0	2 (7.4%)	1 (5.3%)	4 (14.3%)
Heavy	0	0	0	0
Weekly exercise frequency					23.52	0.001
0	8 (53.3%)	22 (81.5%)	18 (94.7%)	12 (42.9%)
1–2	1 (6.7%)	2 (7.4%)	0 (0.0%)	8 (28.6%)
3–5	6 (40.0%)	3 (11.1%)	1 (5.3%)	8 (28.6%)

Notes: Group 1: Migraine patient for a period less than 1 year, Group 2: Migraine patient for period 1–5 years, Group 3: Migraine patient for period 5–10 years, Group 4: Migraine patient for period more than 10 years. Bolded values indicate that < 0.05 is considered to possess statistical significance.

Table 2 Analysis of Blood Profiles Across Different Periods Cohort Migraine Patients

	Group 1	Group 2	Group 3	Group 4	p value	post hoc Test p value
						G1 vs G2	G1 vs G3	G1 vs G4
Total protein (g/L)	77.14 ± 1.82	71.25 ± 3.39	71.60 ± 3.97	73.08 ± 2.53	0.009	0.001	0.005	0.033
Albumin (g/L)	48.06 ± 0.88	45.34 ± 2.47	46.53 ± 2.11	45.75 ± 2.34	0.125	NA	NA	NA
Globulin (g/L)	29.08 ± 1.72	25.91 ± 2.88	25.08 ± 3.82	27.33 ± 3.34	0.118	NA	NA	NA
Total bilirubin (μmol/L)	11.38 ± 6.47	9.60 ± 3.57	9.63 ± 2.60	8.91 ± 4.40	0.761	NA	NA	NA
Direct bilirubin (μmol/L)	4.30 ± 1.74	3.75 ± 1.05	4.13 ± 1.05	3.82 ± 1.71	0.816	NA	NA	NA
Indirect bilirubin (μmol/L)	7.08 ± 4.76	5.86 ± 2.61	5.50 ± 1.69	5.09 ± 2.74	0.660	NA	NA	NA
Alanine aminotransferase (U/L)	36.82 ± 28.57	13.01 ± 4.91	12.50 ± 4.84	15.85 ± 5.81	0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.002
Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L)	29.06 ± 20.64	14.96 ± 4.20	15.43 ± 2.35	17.74 ± 4.79	0.014	0.002	0.006	0.02
AST/ALT	0.84 ± 0.25	1.23 ± 0.36	1.32 ± 0.28	1.16 ± 0.15	0.046	0.015	0.007	0.062
Alkaline phosphatase(U/L)	85.88 ± 26.03	58.68 ± 11.27	63.11 ± 16.12	72.83 ± 22.75	0.024	0.005	0.029	0.199
γ-GT (U/L)	53.86 ± 27.17	17.23 ± 8.71	18.90 ± 8.71	20.61 ± 11.17	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Cholesterol (mmol/L)	5.77 ± 1.04	4.71 ± 0.65	4.30 ± 0.60	4.55 ± 0.57	0.005	0.005	0.001	0.004
Triglyceride (mmol/L)	1.65 ± 1.39	1.50 ± 0.88	0.95 ± 0.28	1.79 ± 1.64	0.458	NA	NA	NA
HDL-c (mmol/L)	1.45 ± 0.43	1.31 ± 0.27	1.48 ± 0.30	1.35 ± 0.41	0.646	NA	NA	NA
LDL-c (mmol/L)	3.83 ± 0.81	3.02 ± 0.59	2.58 ± 0.50	2.59 ± 0.19	0.001	0.007	<0.001	<0.001
Apolipoprotein-A (g/L)	1.51 ± 0.23	1.37 ± 0.14	1.50 ± 0.24	1.43 ± 0.22	0.323	NA	NA	NA
Apolipoprotein-B (g/L)	1.19 ± 0.24	0.97 ± 0.19	0.82 ± 0.17	0.84 ± 0.17	0.007	0.03	0.002	0.003
APB: APA	0.80 ± 0.19	0.72 ± 0.17	0.56 ± 0.14	0.61 ± 0.19	0.040	0.348	0.015	0.049
Blood urea nitrogen (mmol/L)	5.44 ± 2.34	4.27 ± 1.1	4.04 ± 0.67	5.05 ± 1.03	0.132	NA	NA	NA
Creatinine (μmol/L)	60.66 ± 7.91	59.13 ± 10.4	56.8 ± 9.96	67.26 ± 8.25	0.161	NA	NA	NA
Uric acid (μmol/L)	333.20 ± 76.81	328.56 ± 81.24	320.75 ± 51.34	349.88 ± 73.95	0.874	NA	NA	NA
Glucose (mmol/L)	5.73 ± 1.37	5.27 ± 0.58	5.27 ± 0.66	5.60 ± 0.52	0.505	NA	NA	NA
Lactate dehydrogenase (U/L)	174.64 ± 19.13	153.98 ± 35.23	155.99 ± 38.17	137.04 ± 17.00	0.228	NA	NA	NA
Creatine kinase (U/L)	81.78 ± 28.71	73.03 ± 37.41	79.61 ± 39.50	82.45 ± 49.27	0.938	NA	NA	NA
Creatine kinase MB (U/L)	11.62 ± 2.95	12.48 ± 4.09	11.56 ± 2.98	11.63 ± 3.27	0.908	NA	NA	NA
Potassium (mmol/L)	4.19 ± 0.51	4.05 ± 0.42	4.25 ± 0.28	4.15 ± 0.27	0.665	NA	NA	NA
Sodium (mmol/L)	140.36 ± 1.40	139.74 ± 1.62	139.3 ± 1.48	140.21 ± 1.27	0.538	NA	NA	NA
Calcium (mmol/L)	2.41 ± 0.08	2.32 ± 0.09	2.28 ± 0.09	2.31 ± 0.07	0.065	NA	NA	NA
Phosphorus (mmol/L)	1.03 ± 0.16	1.10 ± 0.13	1.09 ± 0.07	1.13 ± 0.16	0.616	NA	NA	NA
Magnesium (mmol/L)	0.93 ± 0.06	0.87 ± 0.05	0.88 ± 0.06	0.92 ± 0.05	0.052	NA	NA	NA

Notes: Group 1: Migraine patient for a period less than 1 year, Group 2: Migraine patient for period 1–5 years, Group 3: Migraine patient for period 5–10 years, Group 4: Migraine patient for period more than 10 years. A/G: albumin/globulin; AST/ALT: aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase; γ-GT: γ-glutamyl transpeptidase; HDL-c: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-c: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; APB: APA: apolipoprotein-B: apolipoprotein-A; BUN/CREA: blood urea nitrogen/ creatinine. Bolded values indicate that < 0.05 is considered to possess statistical significance.

Table 3 Analysis of Body Composition Across Different Periods Cohort Migraine Patients

	Group 1 (n=15)	Group 2 (n=27)	Group 3 (n=19)	Group 4 (n=28)	p value	post hoc Test p value
						G1 vs G4	G2 vs G4	G3 vs G4
Weight(kg)	64.47 ± 16.83	56.67 ± 11.27	58.87 ± 6.58	64.80±10.68	0.041	0.93	0.012	0.094
Waist Cir. (cm)	83.11 ± 8.03	79.35 ± 10.51	81.88 ± 7.43	86.66 ± 9.56	0.043	0.237	0.005	0.093
ICW (kg)	21.14 ± 6.38	18.29 ± 2.69	19.00 ± 2.66	20.05 ± 3.74	0.118	NA	NA	NA
ECW (kg)	12.65 ± 3.66	11.12 ± 1.53	11.38 ± 1.52	12.09 ± 1.95	0.123	NA	NA	NA
TBW (kg)	33.79 ± 10.03	29.41 ± 4.20	30.38 ± 4.16	32.14 ± 5.68	0.119	NA	NA	NA
ECW/TBW	0.37 ± 0.005	0.38 ± 0.006	0.38 ± 0.007	0.38 ± 0.007	0.184	NA	NA	NA
Protein	9.17 ± 2.77	7.90 ± 1.16	8.21 ± 1.160	8.66 ± 1.62	0.112	NA	NA	NA
Mineral (kg)	3.13 ± 1.67	2.70 ± 0.34	2.74 ± 0.32	2.95 ± 0.52	0.112	NA	NA	NA
FAT (kg)	18.40 ± 5.95	16.66 ± 7.11	17.53 ± 574	21.04 ± 8.04	0.134	NA	NA	NA
SLM (kg)	43.47 ± 12.94	37.79 ± 5.43	39.09 ± 5.39	41.33 ± 7.40	0.118	NA	NA	NA
FFM (kg)	46.07 ± 13.96	40.02 ± 5.68	41.34 ± 5.60	43.76 ± 7.81	0.117	NA	NA	NA
TBW/FFM	73.40 ± 0.29	73.48 ± 0.25	73.49 ± 0.31	73.46 ± 0.20	0.733	NA	NA	NA
SMM (kg)	25.58 ± 8.32	21.86 ± 3.50	22.78 ± 3.47	24.16 ± 4.88	0.118	NA	NA	NA
PBF (%)	28.56 ± 7.14	28.40 ± 7.28	29.49 ± 8.31	31.90 ± 8.70	0.386	NA	NA	NA
BMI (kg/m^2)	24.70 ± 4.05	22.86 ± 4.51	23.77 ± 3.42	25.57 ± 4.15	0.111	NA	NA	NA
AC (cm)	30.91 ± 2.93	29.11 ± 4.29	30.05 ± 2.98	31.56 ± 3.22	0.079	NA	NA	NA
AMC (cm)	26.75 ± 2.39	25.15 ± 3.42	25.91 ± 2.48	26.86 ± 2.29	0.112	NA	NA	NA
VFA (cm^2)	77.25 ± 31.28	73.07 ± 38.96	78.34 ± 34.97	97.28 ± 46.32	0.135	NA	NA	NA
SMM/VFA	0.40 ± 0.26	0.38 ± 0.20	0.62 ± 1.28	0.33 ± 0.24	0.472	NA	NA	NA
BMR (kcal)	1365.40 ± 301.57	1234.35 ± 122.53	1263.06 ± 121.04	1315.41 ± 168.73	0.116	NA	NA	NA
SMI (%)	7.21 ± 1.33	6.51 ± 1.03	6.76 ± 0.98	6.97 ± 0.84	0.167	NA	NA	NA
Phase Angle	6.25 ± 0.63	5.77 ± 0.81	6.04 ± 0.78	5.93 ± 0.76	0.261	NA	NA	NA

Notes: Group 1: Migraine patient for a period less than 1 year, Group 2: Migraine patient for period 1–5 years, Group 3: Migraine patient for period 5–10 years, and Group 4: Migraine patient for period more than 10 years. Bolded values indicate that < 0.05 is considered to possess statistical significance.

Abbreviations: ICW, intracellular water; ECW, extracellular water; TBW, total body water; SLM, soft lean mass; FFM, fat-free mass; SMM, skeletal muscle mass; PBF, percent body fat; BMI, body mass index; AC, arm circumference; AMC, arm muscle circumference; VFA, visceral fat area; BMR, basal metabolic rate; SMI, skeletal muscle mass index.

Figure 1 Body weight (A) and waist circumference (B) of cohort migraine patients. *p <0.05, **p <0.01.

Figure 2 Body weight (A), waist circumference (B), body mass index (BMI) (C), and fat (D) of cohort migraine patients. *p<0.05, **p<0.01.

Figure 3 The correlation between the duration of illness and weight (A), waist circumference (B), fat (C), body mass index (BMI) (D) of migraine patients for a period of more than 1 year.