The Relationship Between UA/HDL and Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: A Cross-Sectional Analysis

Figures & data

Table 1 The Specific Normal Value of the Nerve Conduction Velocity

Dantec Keypoint Normal Values
Age (years)	15–24	25–34	35–44	45–54	55–64	65–74	75–84
Ulnar MCV (m/s)	61	61	61	61	61	58	52
Media MCV (m/s)	56	55	54	52	51	50	50
Common peroneal MCV (m/s)	43
Ulnar SCV (m/s)	47.4	46.6	45.8	45	44.2	43.3	42.9
Media SCV (m/s)	49.5	48.6	47.5	46.5	45.4	44.4	43.4
Superficial peroneal SCV (m/s)	40

Notes: If the nerve conduction velocity is less than the above indexes, the conduction velocity is abnormal.

Table 2 Comparison of General Information and Clinical Indicators of All Participants

Characteristics	Subjects (n=324)
Male (%)	215 (66.36%)
Age (year)	56.00 (47.25,66.00)
DM duration (year)	7.00 (2.00,14.00)
BMI (kg/m2)	26.19 (23.77,28.24)
SBP (mmHg)	133.00 (120.00,146.75)
DBP (mmHg)	82.00 (74.00,90.00)
ALB (g/L)	41.00 (38.70,43.68)
ALT (U/L)	18.60 (13.73,27.28)
AST (U/L)	19.25 (15.90,24.50)
SCr (mmol/L)	71.92 (64.10,81.20)
UA (μmol/L)	307.50 (247.95,361.18)
BUN (mmol/L)	5.40 (4.50,6.50)
GFR (mL/min)	93.85 (83.67,104.37)
TC (mmol/L)	4.76 (4.04,5.50)
TG (mmol/L)	1.43 (1.05,2.10)
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.85 (1.64,3.44)
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.13 (0.92,1.54)
FBG (mmol/L)	8.00 (6.40,10.88)
HbA1c (%)	8.50 (7.20,10.08)
VitaminD (ng/mL)	16.16 (13.00,20.53)
UHR (%)	0.22 (0.17,0.30)

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; ALB, albumin; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; SCr, scrum creatinine; UA, uric acid; BUN, urea nitrogen; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; UHR, uric acid to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio.

Table 3 Comparison of Indicators Between the NCVN and NCVA Groups

Variable	NCVN (n=178)	NCVA (n=146)	P
Gender	Male (113,63.48%)	Male (103,70.55%)	0.002*
Age	54.99±11.93	58.87±11.67	0.023*
DM duration	6.00 (2.00,13.00)	10.00 (3.00,16.00)	0.012*
BMI (kg/m2)	26.23±3.91	26.41±3.55	0.665
SBP (mmHg)	133.68±20.50	134.79±20.36	0.418
DBP (mmHg)	81.50 (75.00,89.75)	81.26±13.35	0.399
ALB (g/L)	41.81±3.08	40.17±3.93	<0.001*
ALT (U/L)	20.05 (14.53,29.73)	17.35 (12.20,25.45)	0.020*
AST (U/L)	20.10 (16.50,24.98)	18.65 (14.70,23.75)	0.042*
SCr (mmol/L)	71.20 (64.61,79.98)	73.40 (63.46,83.20)	0.031*
UA (μmol/L)	310.54±89.17	314.31±91.69	0.316
BUN (mmol/L)	5.50 (4.60,6.40)	5.40 (4.40,6.59)	0.690
GFR (mL/min)	96.65 (87.05,105.55)	91.92 (78.88,103.23)	0.067
TC (mmol/L)	4.78 (4.04,4.78)	4.71 (4.03,5.45)	0.498
TG (mmol/L)	1.42 (1.02,2.08)	1.52 (1.07,2.19)	0.808
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.79 (1.55,3.39)	2.88 (2.02,3.49)	0.392
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.20 (0.95,1.76)	1.05 (0.88,1.43)	0.006*
FBG (mmol/L)	7.75 (6.34,10.28)	8.71 (7.00,8.71)	0.070
HbA1c (%)	8.20 (7.00,9.60)	8.80 (7.83,10.63)	<0.001*
VitaminD (ng/mL)	16.58 (13.41,21.42)	15.88 (12.83,19.48)	0.101
UHR (%)	0.20 (0.15,0.24)	0.30±0.14	<0.001*

Note: *Denotes significance at a P value of <0.05.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; ALB, albumin; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; SCr, scrum creatinine; UA, uric acid; BUN, urea nitrogen; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; UHR, uric acid to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio.

Figure 1 Comparisons of UHR levels in normal peripheral nerve conduction group and abnormal peripheral nerve conduction group in patients with T2DM.*Denotes significance at a P value of <0.05.

Table 4 Comparison of Indicators Between the Low UHR and High UHR Groups

Variable	High UHR (n=162)2	Low UHR (n=162)1	P
Gender	Male (124, 76.54%)	Male (91, 56.17%)	<0.001*
Age	54.99±12.88	58.00 (51.00,66.00)	0.010*
DM duration	7.50 (2.75,13.00)	7.00 (2.00,15.00)	0.934
BMI (kg/m2)	27.05±3.48	25.55 (22.98,27.67)	<0.001*
SBP (mmHg)	134.41±18.73	133.92±21.95	0.610
DBP (mmHg)	83.00 (75.00,91.00)	80.00 (73.00,88.00)	0.086
ALB (g/L)	41.47±3.42	40.77±3.66	0.020*
ALT (U/L)	20.00 (14.58,32.55)	17.65 (12.35,24.55)	0.008*
AST (U/L)	19.85 (16.10,26.73)	19.30 (15.93,23.78)	0.224
SCr (mmol/L)	75.19 (67.24,83.20)	68.75 (61.73,77.73)	<0.001*
UA (mmol/L)	348.85 (296.86,401.17)	255.20 (209.55,23.80)	<0.001*
BUN (mmol/L)	5.53 (4.71,6.70)	5.35 (4.40,6.35)	0.031*
GFR (mL/min)	94.71 (81.18,106.91)	95.04 (86.18,102.78)	0.930
TC (mmol/L)	4.67 (3.97,5.30)	5.02±1.32	0.022*
TG (mmol/L)	1.69 (1.15,2.57)	1.32 (0.96,1.79)	<0.001*
LDL-C (mmol/L)	3.06±0.79	2.17 (1.13,3.24)	<0.001*
HDL-C (mmol/L)	0.95 (0.84,1.07)	1.51 (1.20,3.10)	<0.001*
FBG (mmol/L)	7.95 (6.55,10.35)	8.19 (6.45,11.90)	0.253
HbA1c (%)	8.25 (7.10,9.78)	8.80 (7.43,10.38)	0.035*
VitaminD (ng/mL)	17.13±5.84	16.01 (13.34,20.55)	0.792
UHR (%)	0.31 (0.25,0.39)	0.18 (0.11,0.21)	<0.001*
Prevalence of NCVA	NCVA 87 (53.70%)	NCVA 59 (36.41%)	0.002*

Notes: *Denotes significance at a P value of <0.05.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; ALB, albumin; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; SCr, scrum creatinine; UA, uric acid; BUN, urea nitrogen; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; UHR, uric acid to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio.

Figure 2 Comparisons of prevalence of abnormal peripheral nerve conduction in the High UHR group and Low UHR group for all participants. *Denotes significance at a P value of <0.05.

Table 5 The Correlation of UHR and NCV in Patients with T2DM

		UHR
Left ulnar nerve MCV	r-value	−0.206
	P-value	<0.001*
Right ulnar nerve MCV	r-value	−0.180
	P-value	0.001*
Left median nerve MCV	r-value	−0.046
	P-value	0.441
Right median nerve MCV	r-value	−0.120
	P-value	0.031*
Left common peroneal nerve MCV	r-value	−0.192
	P-value	0.001*
Right common peroneal nerve MCV	r-value	−0.133
	P-value	0.017*
Left ulnar nerve SCV	r-value	−0.027
	P-value	0.637
Right ulnar nerve SCV	r-value	−0.126
	P-value	0.026*
Left median nerve SCV	r-value	−0.104
	P-value	0.068
Right median nerve SCV	r-value	−0.050
	P-value	0.384
Left superficial peroneal nerve SCV	r-value	−0.165
	P-value	0.005*
Right superficial peroneal nerve SCV	r-value	−0.129
	P-value	0.027*

Note: *Denotes significance at a P value of <0.05.

Abbreviations: MCV, motor conduction velocities; SCV, sensory conduction velocities.

Table 6 Correlation of UHR with Different Nerve Conduction Velocities in Patients with T2DM in Model 1

	B (95% CI)	Std.Error	Beta	t	P
Left ulnar nerve MCV	−0.857 (−1.347, −0.367)	0.249	−0.190	−3.444	0.001*
Right ulnar nerve MCV	−0.836 (−1.311, −0.361)	0.241	−0.191	−3.463	0.001*
Left median nerve MCV	−0.253 (−0.658, 1.580)	0.207	−0.068	−1.206	0.229
Right median nerve MCV	−0.498 (−0.904, −0.092)	0.206	−0.135	−2.417	0.016*
Left common peroneal nerve MCV	−0.780 (−1.178, −0.382)	0.202	−0.215	−3.861	<0.001*
Right common peroneal nerve MCV	−0.585 (−0.979, −0.191)	0.205	−0.164	−2.290	0.004*
Left ulnar nerve SCV	−0.048 (−0.580, 0.484)	0.270	−0.010	−1.179	0.858
Right ulnar nerve SCV	−0.594 (−1.113, −0.055)	0.273	−0.124	−2.117	0.031*
Left median nerve SCV	−0.552 (−1.178, −0.382)	0.328	−0.096	−1.682	0.094
Right median nerve SCV	−0.240 (−0.928, 0.448)	0.349	−0.040	−0.687	0.493
Left superficial peroneal nerve SCV	−0.843 (−1.385, −0.301)	0.275	−0.180	−3.065	0.002*
Right superficial peroneal nerve SCV	−0.666 (−1.267, −0.064)	0.305	−0.128	−2.178	0.003*

Note: *Denotes significance at a P value of <0.05.

Table 7 Correlation of UHR with Different Nerve Conduction Velocities in Patients with T2DM in Model 2

	B (95% CI)	Std.Error	Beta	t	P
Left ulnar nerve MCV	−0.911 (−1.406, −0.416)	0.251	−0.202	−3.622	<0.001*
Right ulnar nerve MCV	−0.920 (−1.396, −0.445)	0.242	−0.211	−3.807	<0.001*
Left median nerve MCV	−0.285 (−0.692, 1.208)	0.206	−0.077	−1.383	0.168
Right median nerve MCV	−0.526 (−0.924, −0.127)	0.202	−0.143	−2.598	0.010*
Left common peroneal nerve MCV	−0.834 (−1.221, −0.446)	0.196	−0.230	−4.239	<0.001*
Right common peroneal nerve MCV	−0.645 (−1.029, −0.262)	0.194	−0.181	−3.316	0.001*
Left ulnar nerve SCV	−0.245 (−0.753, 0.262)	0.258	−0.052	−0.952	0.342
Right ulnar nerve SCV	−0.785 (−1.315, −0.256)	0.269	−0.163	−2.920	0.004*
Left median nerve SCV	−0.517 (−1.133, −0.099)	0.313	−0.090	−1.650	0.100
Right median nerve SCV	−0.283 (−0.942, 0.375)	0.334	−0.047	−0.848	0.397
Left superficial peroneal nerve SCV	−0.942 (−1.483, −0.401)	0.274	−0.201	−3.427	0.001*
Right superficial peroneal nerve SCV	−0.808 (−1.406, −0.211)	0.303	−0.156	−2.665	0.008*

Note: *Denotes significance at a P value of <0.05.

Table 8 Correlation of UHR with Different Nerve Conduction Velocities in Patients with T2DM in Model 3

	B (95% CI)	Std.Error	Beta	t	P
Left ulnar nerve MCV	−1.316 (−1.889, −0.744)	0.290	−0.292	−4.527	<0.001*
Right ulnar nerve MCV	−1.346 (−1.898, −0.793)	0.344	−0.280	−4.795	<0.001*
Left median nerve MCV	−0.640 (−1.104, −0.180)	0.2337	−0.174	−2.741	0.106
Right median nerve MCV	−0.998 (−1.463, −0.533)	0.236	−0.271	−4.225	<0.001*
Left common peroneal nerve MCV	−0.778 (−1.240, −0.315)	0.235	−0.214	−3.309	0.001*
Right common peroneal nerve MCV	−0.484 (−0.935, −0.033)	0.229	−0.135	−2.112	<0.001*
Left ulnar nerve SCV	−0.332 (−0.934, 0.288)	0.310	−0.069	−1.039	0.300
Right ulnar nerve SCV	−0.708 (−1.347, −0.069)	0.324	−0.147	−2.184	0.030*
Left median nerve SCV	−0.570 (−1.302, 0.162)	0.372	−0.099	−1.533	0.126
Right median nerve SCV	−0.164 (−0.947, 0.618)	0.397	−0.027	−0.414	0.679
Left superficial peroneal nerve SCV	−0.770 (−1.419, −0.120)	0.329	−0.164	−2.336	0.020*
Right superficial peroneal nerve SCV	−0.412 (−1.129, 0.304)	0.364	−0.168	−1.132	0.020*

Note: *Denotes significance at a P value of <0.05.

Table 9 Dichotomous Logistic Regression of Risk Factors for Abnormal Peripheral Nerve Conduction Velocity in T2DM Patients

	B (95% CI)	Std.Error	Wald	P
Age	1.021 (1.003,1.040)	0.009	5.128	0.148
DM duration	1.052 (1.014,1.091)	0.019	7.279	0.007*
ALB (g/L)	0.862 (0.797,0.933)	0.040	3.658	<0.001*
HbA1c (%)	1.308 (1.138,1.504)	0.071	4.301	<0.001*
UHR	1.370 (1.065,1.632)	0.344	3.511	<0.001*

Note: *Denotes significance at a P value of <0.05.