Prevalence and Risk Factors of Diabetes in Patients with Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A Cross-Sectional Study in Two Financially Affluent China Cities

Figures & data

Figure 1 Flowchart of the study.

Table 1 Sociodemographic Characteristics of PTB Patients with and without Diabetes

	Total	With-DM	Without-DM	P-value
	N=322	n (%)	n (%)
Gender				0.006
Male	203	43(21.1%)	160(78.8%)
Female	119	11(9.2%)	108(90.6%)
Age (year, mean±SD)	47.39±16.64	55.44±12.36	46.09±16.87	0.000
Occupation				0.462
Full-time	88	11(12.5%)	77(87.5%)
Part-time	46	7(15.2%)	39(84.8%)
Retired	30	10(29.4%)	22(73.3%)
Farmer	90	17(16.0%)	75(83.3%)
Unemployed	68	13(16.3%)	55(80.9%)
Living alone				0.034
Yes	48	3(6.3%)	45(93.8%)
No	274	51(18.6%)	223(81.4%)
Marital status				0.031
Single	50	2(4.0%)	48(96.0%)
Married	258	49(19.0%)	209(81.0%)
Not available	14	3(21.4%)	11(78.6%)
Education				0.033
Primary school	111	24(21.6%)	87(78.4%)
Junior Middle school	105	18(17.1%)	87(82.9%)
Senior Middle school	52	10(19.2%)	42(80.8%)
College	54	2(3.7%)	52(96.3%)
Social Insurance Coverage				0.534
Yes	309	51(16.5%)	258(83.5%)
No	13	3(23.1%)	10(76.9%)
Smoking				0.164
Non-smoker	177	27(15.3%)	150(84.7%)
Current smoker	145	27(18.6%)	70(81.4%)
Alcohol consumption*				0.002
Non	209	34(16.3%)	175(83.7%)
Light	79	13(16.5%)	66(83.5%)
Moderate	29	3(10.3%)	26(89.7%)
Heavy	5	4(80.0%)	1(10.0%)
Cough				0.335
Yes	259	46(17.8%)	213(82.2%)
No	63	8(12.7%)	55(87.3%)
Fever				0.527
Yes	56	11(19.6%)	45(80.4%)
No	266	43(16.2%)	223(83.8%)
BCG vaccinated				0.372
Yes	100	14(14.0%)	86(86.0%)
No	222	40(18.0%)	182(82.0%)

Notes: *Alcohol consumption: A standard drink is defined as 10 grams alcohol in China. Individuals having less than a standard drink in the past month was classified as non-alcohol user, 1~3 drinks as mild-alcohol user, 4~6 drinks as moderate-alcohol user, and more than 6 drinks in a month as heavy-alcohol user.

Table 2 Nutrition Status and Disease Awareness of PTB Patients with Diabetes and Without Diabetes

	Total	With-DM	Without-DM	P-value
	N(%)/Mean±SD	N(%)/Mean±SD	N(%)/Mean±SD
Vegetarian				0.437
Yes	12	3(25.0%)	9(75.0%)
No	310	51(16.5%)	259(83.5%)
BMI				0.437
<18.5	91	12(13.2%)	79(86.8%)
18.5–23.9	185	31(16.8%)	154(83.2%)
≥24	19	5(26.3%)	14(73.7%)
24–26.9	21	4(19.0%)	17(81.0%)
27–29.9	6	2(33.3%)	4(66.7%)
Nutritional impairment score^#				0.184
Normal	222	41(18.5%)	181(81.5%)
Mild	39	2(5.1%)	37(94.9%)
Moderate	3	1(33.3%)	2(66.7%)
Severe	58	10(17.2%)	48(82.8%)
History of diabetes				0.000
Newly diagnosed	15	15(27.8%)	/
Known diabetes	39	39(72.2%)
<1 year	11	11(20.4%)	/
1–3 years	7	7(13.0%)	/
3–10 years	13	13(24.0%)	/
>10 years	8	8(14.8%)	/
Family history of Diabetes				0.000
Yes	26	13(50.0%)	13(50.0%)
No	296	41(13.9%)	255(86.1%)
TB awareness				0.684
Yes	219	38(17.4%)	181(82.6%)
No	103	16(15.5%)	87(84.5%)
DM awareness				0.000
Yes	243	21(8.6%)	222(91.4%)
No	79	33(41.8%)	46(58.2%)
Waist-to-Hip Ratio*				0.001
Normal	213	27(12.7%)	186(87.3%)
Abnormal	109	27(24.8%)	82(75.2%)
Weight(kg, mean±SD)	55.19±10.645	58.32±10.27	54.55±10.63	0.017
Height(cm, mean±SD)	163.60±7.90	164.91±8.48	163.34±7.78	0.186
Upper arm circumference(cm, mean±SD)	24.80±3.37	25.04±3.00	24.75±3.44	0.556
Waist circumference(cm mean±SD)	77.26±10.69	80.26±13.69	76.66±9.91	0.024
Hip circumference(cm mean±SD)	89.85±8.49	91.19±6.94	89.58±8.76	0.203
Haemoglobin (g/L, mean±SD)	126.54±21.15	129.09±20.45	126.03±21.29	0.332
Serum proteins (g/L, mean±SD)	37.46±5.88	35.79±8.51	37.80±5.15	0.023
Random blood glucose(mmol/L, mean±SD)	7.50±3.83	12.28±5.86	6.53±2.28	0.000
Fasting blood glucose(mmol/L, mean±SD)	5.61±3.45	8.12±3.42	5.10±3.23	0.000

Notes: ^#Nutritional impairment score: 1) Absent: -BMI greater than 18.5. -No significant change in body weight in the past 3 months. -No significant change in food intake in the past week. 2) Mild: -Body weight loss greater than 5% in the past 3 months. -Food intake reduced by 25%-50% in the past week. 3) Moderate: -Body weight loss greater than 5% in the past 2 months. -Food intake reduced by 51%-75% in the past week. 4) Severe: -Body weight loss greater than 5% in the past month. -Body weight loss greater than 15% in the past 3 months. -BMI less than 18.5 with poor general clinical condition. - Food intake reduced by 76%-100% in the past week. *Waist-to-Hip Ratio: WHR ≥ 0.85 for females and ≥0.90 for males were categoried as abnormal abdominal obesity.

Table 3 Multivariable Analysis of the Predictors of DM

Characteristics	OR (95% CI)	P-value	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	P-value
Male			3.29(1.05–10.30)	0.041
Age>47 years			1.04(1.01–1.07)	0.023
Weight	1.08(1.01–1.15)	0.018
Non, Light-to-moderate alcohol consumption			0.01(0.01–0.10)	0.000
Family history of Diabetes	5.26(1.23–25.0)	0.000	5.09(1.28–20.32)	0.021
Diabetes awareness	0.08(0.03–0.23)	0.000	0.07(0.03–0.21)	0.000
Random blood glucose (mmol/L)	1.59(1.36–1.87)	0.000	1.60(1.38–1.86)	0.000

Figure 2 Adjusted odds ratios of risk factors of DM in patients with PTB.