Predictors of Diabetes Self-Management Behaviour Among Type 2 Diabetics in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic Characteristics of the Participants (N = 365)

Characteristics	n	%	M	SD
Age			49.85	19.01
Number of family members			7.19	3.642
Number of family members living with the patient			4.78	2.390
Gender
Male	203	57.0
Female	153	43.0
Marital status
Single	84	23.6
Married	227	63.8
Divorced	4	1.1
Widowed	41	11.5
Education
Illiterate	69	19.4
Elementary	42	11.8
Intermediate	26	7.3
Secondary	92	25.8
Bachelor’s degree	107	30.1
Master’s degree or higher	20	5.6
Income
Less than 5000 SAR per month	184	51.7
5000–10,000 SAR per month	89	25.0
11,000–20,000 SAR per month	71	19.9
More than 20,000 SAR per month	12	3.4
Occupation
Civil government employee	169	47.5
Military government employee	16	4.5
Private sector employee	26	7.3
Businessman (trader)	5	1.4
Retired	88	24.7
Unemployed	52	14.6
Medical insurance
Yes	35	9.8
No	321	90.2

Abbreviations: M, Mean; SD, Standard Deviation.

Table 2 Diabetes Duration, Diabetes Related Education and Comorbidities (N = 365)

Characteristics	n	%
Diabetes duration
Less than 1 year	4	1.1
1–5 years	78	21.9
More than 5 years	274	77.0
Diabetes education
Yes	266	74.7
No	90	25.3
Education on self-care behaviors
Yes	233	65.4
No	123	34.6
Education on checking blood sugar
Yes	290	81.5
No	66	18.5
Education on exercising
Yes	299	84.0
No	57	16.0
Education on a specific diet
Yes	299	84.0
No	57	16.0
Education on self-examining regarding feet care.
Yes	177	49.7
No	179	50.3
Comorbidities
Yes	146	41.0
No	210	59.0
Name of the disease
Hypertensive	36	10.1
Thyroid gland	19	5.3
Asthma	59	16.6

Table 3 Descriptive Statistics of the Study Variables (N = 365)

Variables	M±SD
Summary of Diabetic Self-Care Activity -Arabic Scale (SDSCA)	2.79±1.59
SDSCA_Diet_score	3.13±2.38
SDSCA_Exer_score	2.58±2.12
SDSCA_BST_score	3.56±2.52
SDSCA_Footcare_score	1.91±2.88
Perceived Social Support (SSQ)	45.66±8.51
The first domain of SSQ	24.80±5.33
The second domain of SSQ	20.86±4.93

Abbreviations: M, Mean; SD, Standard Deviation.

Table 4 Bivariate Correlation for the Study Variables (N = 365)

Variable	DSMB r value	P-value
Age	−0.054	0.312
Gender	0.091	0.085
Marital status	−0.016	0.767
Education level	0.033	0.539
Diabetes duration	0.026	0.623
Diabetes education	−0.185*	0.000
Training on self-care behaviors for diabetes	−0.232*	0.000
Health education on checking blood sugar at home	−0.106*	0.047
Health education on exercising	−0.235*	0.000
Health education on a specific diet	−0.162*	0.002
Health education on self-examining regarding the feet	−0.286*	0.000
Income	−0.027	0.616
Occupation	−0.023	0.670
Number of family members	0.089	0.095
Family members living with the patient	0.014	0.786
Comorbidities	0.177*	0.001
Medical insurance	−0.112*	0.035
Perceived social support	0.248*	0.000

Note: *p ≤ 0.05.

Abbreviation: DSMB, Diabetes Self-Management Behaviors.

Table 5 Significant Predictors of Level of Diabetes Self-Management Behavior Among the Study Variables, (N= 365)

Variables	R^2	R^2Change	t	β	P-value
Health education on foot care.	0.212	0.082	−5.60	−0.286	0.001*
Perceived social support		0.055	4.74	0.235	0.001*
Health education on exercising		0.028	−3.43	−0.175	0.001*
Comorbidities		0.023	−3.16	−0.153	0.002*
Medical insurance		0.014	−2.48	−0.120	0.013*
Gender		0.010	2.08	0.100	0.038*

Note: β = partial correlation, R= 0.460, R² Change represents the change in the coefficient of determination (R-squared) when a specific predictor variable is added to the model, *P ≤ 0.05.

Data Sharing Statement

The data that support the results of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.